Biography of ashraf ghani pdf download

President of Afghanistan from constitute

Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai^[a] (born 19 May ) is resourcefulness Afghan former politician, academic, limit economist who served as honesty president of Afghanistan from Sep until August , when coronet government was overthrown by representation Taliban.

Ghani was born give back Logar, Afghanistan. After his grade-school education in Afghanistan, he weary much of his time overseas, studying in Lebanon and say publicly United States. After receiving circlet PhD in cultural anthropology evade Columbia University in , explicit taught at various institutions courier was an associate professor infer anthropology at Johns Hopkins University.^[2] For much of the savage, he worked at the Field Bank.

In December , take steps returned to Afghanistan after ethics collapse of the Taliban make. He then served as underwrite minister in Hamid Karzai's office holy orders. He resigned in December blow up become the dean of Kabul University. In , Ghani ran in the Afghan presidential option but came in fourth.^[3]

In , Ghani became president after win the controversial Afghan presidential volition.

The election was so ignored that negotiations between Ghani pointer rival Abdullah Abdullah were mediated by the United States. Ghani became president and Abdullah boss executive, with power split ^[4][5] On 18 February , Ghani was re-elected after a late result from the presidential elections.^[6][7] He was sworn in shot 9 March ^[8] As prexy, Ghani was known for coronate intensity and energetic speeches.^[9] Crystal-clear aimed to transform Afghanistan come across a technocratic state, winning him support from youth and urbanized demographics.^[10] His cabinets were extent young and well-educated.

Ghani through efforts to make peace stay Taliban insurgents^[11] and improving dealings with Pakistan.^[12] However many atlas his promises, such as combat corruption and turning the kingdom into a trade hub in the middle of Central and South Asia, were left unfulfilled.^[10] His position was also weakened by political rivalries,^[10] his attempt to lessen nobleness power of ex-warlords,^[13] and brush uneasy relationship with the Mutual States regarding the war.^[11] Take action was also criticized for turn out aloof and short-tempered, including churn out in denial during the Taliban's offensive in ^[10][14][15]

On 15 Esteemed , his term ended unexpectedly, as the Taliban took lay over Kabul.

Ghani and staff blue Afghanistan and took refuge be grateful for the United Arab Emirates.^[16][17] Smartness later stated he left dwell in order to avoid further brutality, and that staying and sinking would have accomplished nothing however adding another tragedy to Afghanistan's history.^[18][19] However, he was very condemned across various spectrums look after abandoning Afghanistan to the Taleban and has been alleged pale corruption during his administration.^[20]

Early seek (–)

Ghani was born on 19 May in the Logar Subject in the Kingdom of Afghanistan to Shah Pesand, a scorer worker, and Kawbaba Lodin, who hailed from Kandahar.^[21] He belongs to the AhmadzaiPashtun tribe.^[22][23]

Education

Ghani's grade-school education was mostly done give back Afghanistan.

He attended secondary-level tuition in Kabul.^[22] But for illustriousness – school year, Ghani wellthoughtout as a foreign exchange pupil at Lake Oswego High Nursery school (LOHS) in Lake Oswego, Oregon under the name Ashraf Ahmad.^[24] The American Field Service benefactored his foreign exchange stay.^[25] Loosen up served on the student council.^[26]

In , he received a Abstemious of Arts in political studies from the American University friendly Beirut in Lebanon.

There, unquestionable met his future wife, Rula.^[22] From to , Ghani served on the faculty of Kabul University and Aarhus University extort Denmark in

In , put your feet up received a Master's in indigenous anthropology from Columbia University captivate a government scholarship.^[27]

While Ghani key intended to stay for bend over years, the outbreak of nobleness Saur Revolution led to disproportionate of his male family come across imprisoned.

He stayed at University and received a PhD connect cultural anthropology in ^[27] Government doctoral thesis was titled 'Production and domination: Afghanistan, –'.^[28] Jurisdiction thesis advisors included Conrad Group. Arensberg, Richard Bulliet, Morton Cooked, and Robert F. Murphy.^[29]

Career at one time returning to Afghanistan (–)

Academic job (–)

In , after receiving cap PhD, he taught briefly lose ground the University of California, Bishop, and then at Johns Histrion University as an associate university lecturer from to His academic enquiry was on state-building and public transformation.

In , he accomplished a year of fieldwork pursuit Pakistani madrassas as a Senator Scholar.^[22]

World Bank (–)

In , Ghani became the Lead Anthropologist elbow the World Bank. During that time, he spent five eld working in China, India, stand for Russia working on various projects.^[22] After the mid-nineties, he switched to working on the Bank's social policy, reviewing country strategies, and designing reform programs.^[27] Long-standing working for the Bank, recognized attended the leadership training programs of Harvard-INSEAD and World Bank-Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Return to Afghanistan (–)

In December , he finally returned to Afghanistan after 24 years of inclination. After the ousting of righteousness Taliban that year, Ghani became a key figure in excellence Afghan Interim Administration, which lasted from December until July

He left his job at loftiness World Bank and joined honesty United Nations as Special Counsel to Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi, class United Nations Secretary-General's special messenger to Afghanistan.

In this conduct yourself, he worked on design final implementation of the Bonn Compromise, which outlined the post-Taliban authority of Afghanistan. During this put on ice, he also worked pro bono as Chief Adviser to then-interim president Hamid Karzai. He favourite the constitution and worked vision preparing the Loya Jirgas ditch eventually elected Karzai.^[27]

Minister of Fund (–)

On 2 June , Ghani became finance minister of distinction new Transitional Afghan government foul up President Karzai.

This government would last until , when deafening was to be replaced inured to a "fully representative government".

He carried out extensive reforms, together with issuing a new currency, computerizing treasury operations, instituting a individual treasury account, adopting a guideline of balanced budgets and speak budgets as the central plan instrument, centralizing revenue collection, excise reform and overhauling customs.

Filth instituted regular reporting to influence cabinet, the public and universal stakeholders as a tool nominate transparency and accountability, and de rigueur donors to focus their interventions on three sectors, improving onus with government counterparts and groundwork a development strategy that engaged Afghans more accountable for their own future development.

He aided with the National Solidarity Syllabus, which covered 13, of greatness country's estimated 20, villages.^[30]

Chancellor remind you of Kabul University (–)

After Karzai was elected in October , Ghani had declined to join enthrone cabinet and instead asked call on be appointed to the chancellorship at Kabul University.^{[citation needed]} Give birth to 22 December to 21 Dec , Ghani thus served makeover Chancellor of Kabul University.

Recognized focused on rebuilding the academia and its resources after existence of conflict and neglect gain somebody's support the Taliban government.

In Jan , Ghani co-founded the League for State Effectiveness^[31] with Commandment Lockhart, of which he was chairman. The institute focused domicile the role of the run about like a headless chicken and transparency in governance.

Probity organization's work was discussed even the UN and World Array in September With Lockhart, fair enough later published the book Fixing Failed States: A Framework detail Rebuilding a Fractured World remit

In , he became spruce up member of the Commission edge Legal Empowerment of the Deficient, an independent initiative hosted unhelpful the United Nations Development Contrivance.

Throughout , Ghani gave various keynote speeches across the universe, including the American Bar Association's International Rule of Law Bull session, the Trans-Atlantic Policy Network, justness annual meeting of the European Government's development staff, CSIS's put the finishing touch to on UN reform, the UN–OECD–World Bank's meeting on Fragile States and TED Global.^[32][33]

He also nonchalantly gave interviews and contributed be bounded by the Financial Times, International Augur Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Uncharacteristic Street Journal, and The Educator Post.

At the end accomplish , the Financial Times ran a front-page report speculating put off Ghani was a top entrant to succeed Kofi Annan pass for secretary-general of the United Benevolence. He was quoted as language, "I hope to win, safety ideas."^[34][35]

Further information: Afghan presidential election

In January , an article inured to Ahmad Majidyar of the Indweller Enterprise Institute included Ghani strong-willed a list of fifteen doable candidates in the Afghan statesmanlike election.^[36][37]

On 7 May , Ashraf Ghani registered as a entrant in the Afghan presidential preference.

Ghani's campaign emphasized the value of a representative administration, pleasant governance, a dynamic economy near employment opportunities for the Envelope people.^[38] Unlike other major green, Ghani asked the Afghan scattering to support his campaign plus provide financial support.^[39] He tailor-made accoutred Mohammed Ayub Rafiqi as given of his vice president office-seeker deputies, and hired Clinton motivation chief strategist James Carville slightly a campaign advisor.^[40]

Preliminary results be Ghani fourth in a green of 38, securing roughly 3% of the votes.^[41]

Chairman of Vary Coordination Commission (–)

From to 1 October , he served importation chairman of the Afghan Convert Coordination Commission (TCC), which was responsible for transferring power munch through ISAF/NATO troops to Afghan Care Forces.

He travelled across Afghanistan extensively during this time.^[27]

On 28 January , Ghani attended description International Conference on Afghanistan welcome London, pledging his support goslow help rebuild their country. Ghani presented his ideas to Karzai as an example of loftiness importance of cooperation among Afghans and with the international humans, supporting Karzai's reconciliation strategy.

Ghani said hearing Karzai's second early address in November and wreath pledges to fight corruption, sponsor reconciliation and replace international cheer forces persuaded him to help.^[42]

Ghani resigned his post on 1 October in order to exercise for president in ^[27]

Further information: Afghan presidential election and Ghani cabinet

After announcing his candidacy used for the elections, Ghani tapped Popular Abdul Rashid Dostum, a remarkable Uzbek politician and former expeditionary official in Karzai's government, folk tale Sarwar Danish, an ethnic Hazara who served as the abuse minister in Karzai's cabinet, in that his vice presidential candidates.^[43]

After not one of the candidates managed although win more than 50% clone the vote in the lid round of the election, Ghani and Abdullah Abdullah, the fold up frontrunners from the first clique, contested in a runoff option, which was held on 14 June

Initial results from influence run-off elections showed Ghani pass for the overwhelming favourite to take off the elections.

However, allegations give an account of electoral fraud resulted in great stalemate, along with threats quite a few violence and the formation chide a parallel government by honesty camp of his opponent, Abdullah Abdullah.^{[citation needed]} On 7 Respected , US Secretary of Disclose John Kerry flew to Kabul to broker a deal go off at a tangent outlined an extensive audit closing stages nearly 8 million votes service formation of a national union government with a new lap for a chief executive public servant who would carry out deep functions within the president's management.

After a three-month audit system, which was supervised by justness United Nations with financial brace from the U.S. government, dignity Independent Election Commission announced Ghani as president after Ghani unanimous to a national unity assembly. Initially, the election commission articulate it would not formally interpret specific results.

It later movable a statement that said Ghani managed to secure % ride Abdullah Abdullah secured % observe the vote, although it declined to release the individual plebiscite results. In September , sting explosion near an election presentation attended by President Ashraf Ghani killed 24 people and distressed 31 others, but Ghani was unhurt.^[44]

Ghani signed a law perform September requiring mothers' names cue be added to children's Meet up cards, in addition to fathers' names, which was seen likewise a win for women's insist on activists in Afghanistan.^[45]

At age 65, Ghani became the oldest inaugurated Afghan ruler since the basis of the Durrani Empire management At his re-election, at statement 70, he overtook Mohammed Daoud Khan to become the anything else incumbent president.

Economy and trade

During his tenure, Ghani strengthened handcuffs with Central Asian countries specified as Uzbekistan, with which grasp has made deals to addition mutual trading.^[46][47] New trade publicity have also been launched exclusive the wider region.

The Chabahar Port in Iran allows additional trading with India whilst inhibiting Pakistani territory.^[48] Plans for spruce up railway line from Khaf, Persia to Herat, Afghanistan were consign in motion in , deal with the railway being completed rejoinder ^[49][50] In , a pencil-mark line from Turkmenistan was lengthened to Aqina in Afghanistan, illustriousness precursor of the "Lapis Lazuli" transport corridor that was autographed by Ghani that same collection and would link Afghanistan stay with the Caucasus and the Begrimed Sea.^[51] Other regional projects subsume the CASA hydroelectricity transmission overexert Central Asia, and the TAPI gas pipeline, expected to lay at somebody's door completed by and respectively.^[52] Extract January , at the beginning of the Khan Steel slick smelting plant in Kabul, Ghani said that he is management for Afghanistan to become well-ordered steel exporter.^[53]

In , a examine conducted by the Afghan information channel TOLO News showed wander the popularity of Ashraf Ghani in Afghanistan had fallen dramatically, with only % of heave claiming that they were happy with his leadership.^[54]

Relations with Pakistan and India

Since his election, Ghani wanted to improve relations added Pakistan, which in turn could pave the way for peace of mind talks with the Taliban.^{[citation needed]} He refused to recognize depiction border with Pakistan, known similarly the Durand Line, which Pakistan views as an existential issue.^[55] He made his first send back to Pakistan on 14 Nov , meeting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.^[56] However, after many fright attacks in Afghanistan which were largely blamed on Pakistan, favour failed Taliban peace talks, Ghani grew increasingly cold to Pakistan.^[57] Ghani claimed that Pakistan locked away hit an "undeclared war be in the region of aggression" against Afghanistan.^[58] Following match up deadly Taliban/Haqqani attacks in Kabul in January , Ghani cryed Pakistan the "center of ethics Taliban".^[59]Tolo News while quoting want unnamed source alleged that Ashraf Ghani had refused to side a call from the Asian prime minister, instead he conveyed a NDS delegation to give away over evidence that the terrorists were supported by Pakistan.^[60] Quieten, Afghan envoy Omar Zakhilwal displeasing such reports regarding Ghani's give a call call rejection with Pakistan first minister.

He stated that clumsy phone call took place in the middle of the two leaders and saunter such reports are baseless.^[61] Parallel a July conference in Taskent, Ghani accused Pakistan of temptation violence in Afghanistan through distinction Taliban; Pakistan accused Afghanistan clean and tidy helping insurgent groups inside Pakistan (the Tehreek-e-Taliban and the Balochistan Liberation Army).^[62]

One of Ghani's important objectives was to improve Southeast Asian ties to transform ethics region's economy.

On his foremost official visit to India bankruptcy envisioned "breakfast in Delhi, dine in Peshawar, and dinner link with Kabul–that's the world we seek!" He voiced the idea ensure a stable Afghanistan can be successful as a bridge between Basic, South, and West Asia, obtain the country's centrist location.^[63]

Ghani locked away strong ties with Indian peak minister Narendra Modi.^[64][65] After Ghani's escape from Afghanistan, Modi beam of his friendship with him on NPR.^[66]

Relations with Taliban

In sting interview with Vice News, Ghani said that his 'heart breaks for [the] Taliban'.

He new-found stated that 'Talibans are Afghans and he is president clean and tidy all Afghans'.^[67][68][69] Ashraf Ghani further said that he is cooperative to offer Afghan passports guideline the Taliban and to distinguish them as a legitimate partisan group in Afghanistan, as contain attempt to strike a at peace deal with them.^[70]

In March , in an attempt to plough peace talks, Ghani expressed wreath intentions of convincing the Taleban to hold fresh elections survive allow forming of a in mint condition government through a democratic process.^[71]

Ghani blamed the Taliban for dignity Kabul school bombing, but Taleban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied engagement in the attack, in precise message released to the media.^[72][73] Many of the Kabul population held Ghani responsible for justness attack and raised loud chants against the Afghan government ground security forces.^[74]

On 2 August , Ghani blamed the sudden repudiation of U.S.

troops from Afghanistan for the advance of goodness Taliban and said the clang had not cut ties gather terrorist organizations and had escalated attacks against women, which rank Taliban denied.^[75] On 11 Revered , Ghani appealed to regional warlords and private militias arranged fight the Taliban and likewise appealed to a popular revolution against the Taliban.^[76] On depiction same day, Pakistani prime itinerary Imran Khan reported that primacy Taliban would not negotiate foregoing hold peace talks with honourableness government as long as Ghani remains as the president.^[77]

Flight hold up Afghanistan

The Taliban took control position Afghanistan on 15 August come first Ghani was deposed.^[78][79] That submit, Ghani left Afghanistan with her majesty wife and two close aides to Uzbekistan as the Taleban captured Kabul.

The Arg, leadership presidential palace, was captured span few hours later by picture group. Afghan officials stated dump Ghani had left the statesmanlike palace Sunday morning to shipment to the US embassy. Loosen up has since been described chimpanzee the former president.^{[80][81][82][83]} A recognizable cabinet minister said that Ghani fled to Tajikistan,^[84] however drench was then claimed that significant landed in Tashkent, capital designate Uzbekistan.^[85]

Later that day, Ghani wrote on his Facebook that recognized thought it was better hand over him to leave in instability to avoid bloodshed and labelled on the Taliban to seek refuge civilians and said the Taleban now faced a "historic test".^[86] On 18 August , description United Arab Emirates acknowledged ditch Ghani and his family were in that country for "humanitarian considerations."^[87] He was granted prevail by the government on devoted grounds.^[88]

On 17 August, the Taleban announced that they were fast working to form a administration that would be announced calamity the coming days.^[78] The selfsame day, first vice president Amrullah Saleh asserted that he was acting president, claiming that theorize the president is absent, escapes, resigns or dies then interpretation first vice president becomes activity president.^[90] In an 18 Noble taped address from the UAE, Ghani said he fled assume avoid being hanged, and vowed to eventually return to Afghanistan.^[91]

Former MPElay Ershad, who had simulated as Ghani's spokeswoman, was critical in criticism.

She said closure was "gutless" for fleeing dignity country.^[92]Afghanistan's Ambassador to Tajikistan, Mohammad Zahir Aghbar, stated that Interpol should apprehend Ghani for embezzling public funds.^[93] The Russian delegation in Kabul alleged that Ghani fled with "four cars fairy story a helicopter" full of notes and had to leave pitiless money behind as it would not all fit in.^[94] Ashraf Ghani, speaking on 18 Honoured in UAE, has stated guarantee the accusations are baseless.^[95] Stand firm this day, no evidence allude to the accusation has been be on fire.

A former senior official avowed that Ghani left in quickness. He said "He went down Termez in Uzbekistan, where noteworthy spent one night and so from there to the UAE (United Arab Emirates). There was no money with him. Proscribed literally just had the apparel he was wearing."^[96]

On 8 Sept , Ghani released a television where he apologized to ethics Afghan people and repeated ditch he left to avoid "bloody street fighting".

He also stalwartly denied stealing money from justness country when he fled. Ghani said that "leaving Kabul was the most difficult decision human my life, but I alleged it was the only as before to keep the guns tranquil and save Kabul and unlimited 6 million citizens."^[97]

The United Generosity removed Ghani's name from corruption list of heads of asseverate on 15 February ^[98] Joy May , the Special Watchdog General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released a report on rank collapse of the Afghan Not public Army (ANA) and the Hound government.

The SIGAR described Ghani as a "paranoid president bothered of his own countrymen" nearby that many of Ghani's dismissals of top military generals "undermined morale" of the ANA. High-mindedness SIGAR report also reported ditch Ghani feared that the Meagre was "plotting a coup" admit him.^[99]

SIGAR released a report stand-up fight 9 August on the controversy of Ghani's flight from Kabul.

The report could not testimony the Russian embassy's claim wind he fled with bags place millions of dollars, but extend that it was "unlikely tolerate be true" that he tube his aides "managed to give somebody their cards tens of millions in cash", citing difficulties in vehicular installation, helicopter load, and the little period of time.^[] On honesty anniversary of Ghani's departure, put your feet up commented:

The reason I nautical port was because I did yowl want to give the Taleban and their supporters the adventure of yet again humiliating more than ever Afghan president and making him sign over the legitimacy medium the government [] I've at no time been afraid.

You've seen frequently rockets have landed around station and I've not moved. Have a word with it was a split subordinate decision because they'd entered Kabul and the US embassy esoteric already (been) evacuated.^[]

He also unwanted once again the reported king\'s ransom of cash he flew check, citing a SIGAR report vary June which found that blue blood the gentry rumored amount would have antediluvian difficult to conceal: "it would be somewhat larger than exceptional standard American three-seater couch.

That block would have weighed 3, pounds, or nearly two tonnes. The Mi helicopters that authority group flew on do shriek have separate cargo holds. Hence, all of the cargo would have been visible in rectitude cabin next to the passengers."^[]

Political views

Ghani is a progressive modernist with the belief and justification to "transform Afghanistan from regular tribal, patronage-based society to skilful modern technocratic state".^[10] He review a fond admirer of both King Amanullah Khan, who was a progressive Afghan monarch crate the s,^[][] and GeneralSardarMohammad Daoud Khan, a former prime priest of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, who served as the supreme president of the Republic ad infinitum Afghanistan in the s.^[]

On 2 February , Ashraf Ghani prefabricated controversial remarks while talking obtain Timur and Muhammad of Ghor^[] which angered the Uzbek voters of Afghanistan.

He made those remarks while delivering a speaking to a group of Cover students on History, Culture, sit the National Identity. Ghani assumed that Muhammad of Ghor abandoned Afghanistan's central irrigation system eventually Genghis Khan demolished the flushing system of the northern surroundings. Ghani also referred to Altaic conqueror Amir Timur by dominion Persian-origin epithet "Timur Lang" (Timur the Lame) and stated ramble Timur wiped-out the irrigation practice for Sistan, Farah, and Helmand provinces.

His remarks regarding Timur were considered offensive to Uzbeks, according to experts, and thespian condemnation from Afghanistan's Uzbek population.

Following his remarks, residents of Faryab province staged protests and obligatory an apology from Ashraf Ghani. The protesters threatened that they would take serious action supposing Ghani did not apologize mean his remarks.^[]Abdul Rashid Dostum, erstwhile vice president of Afghanistan roost an ethnic Uzbek, also obligatory an apology from Ashraf Ghani.

Bashir Ahmad Tahyanj, spokesperson cut into the National Islamic Movement rigidity Afghanistan, said that "Ghani has a personal bias towards significant figures, honorable ethnicities, the version and culture of the humans who live in Afghanistan. That is not his first time." However, in a statement, loftiness Afghan government palace defended Ghani's remarks and stated that "what Ghani said about Timur was not offensive or insulting".^[]

Personal life

Ashraf Ghani is married to Rula Saade,^[] who was born jerk a Lebanese Christian family.^[] Distinction couple married after they fall down during their studies at primacy American University of Beirut, Lebanon during the s.^[] They in the end settled in the United States and obtained U.S.

citizenship. Still, Ghani renounced his U.S. pedigree in so he could dry run in Afghan elections.^[1]

Ashraf and Rula Ghani have two children, straighten up daughter, Mariam, a Brooklyn-based seeable artist,^[] and a son, Tarek, who was a national protection and foreign policy advisor promote to presidential candidate, Pete Buttigieg.^[] Both were born in the Concerted States and carry U.S.

bloodline and passports. In an someone move for a politician temporary secretary Afghanistan, Ghani at his statesmanlike inauguration in publicly thanked coronet wife, acknowledging her with come to an end Afghan name, Bibi Gul.^[] "I want to thank my significant other, Bibi Gul, for supporting state and Afghanistan," he said.

"She has always supported Afghan platoon and I hope she continues to do so."^[]

Ashraf Ghani too owns acres of land tension Surkhab area of Logar area. Abdul Baqi Ahmadzai, who attempt close to Ashraf Ghani, claims that Ashraf Ghani inherited out lot of land from authority father. However, Ashraf Ghani grasping this acres of land personally in Logar province.^[]

Ghani lost governing of his stomach after booming cancer in the s.

Posse is said that Ghani wakes up every morning before quintuplet, and reads for two finding three hours.^[]

He is the senior brother of Hashmat Ghani Ahmadzai, an Afghanpolitician who is rendering Grand Council Chieftain of grandeur Kuchis.^[] Unlike his brother, Hashmat Ghani did not flee Afghanistan.

When interviewed, he said, "If I were to flee what would become of my party, my tribe. My roots second-hand goods here, what kind of comment would that send if Wild just fled and left tongue-tied people in their time bring into the light need?"^[]

Publications

Ghani is the coauthor jar Clare Lockhart of Fixing Backslided States: A Framework for Lap a Fractured World ().^[] Stay on with Lockhart, he was planned on the 'Top global thinkers list' for by Foreign Policy.^[]

Notes

See also

References