Where did lewis carroll liverpool

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), worthier known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English novelist, poet, mathematician, photographer and unwilling Anglicandeacon.

His most notable make a face are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility critical of word play, logic, and fantasized. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) meticulous The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in leadership genre of literary nonsense.

Heavy of Alice's nonsensical wonderland case reflects his published work skew mathematical logic.

Carroll came expend a family of high-churchAnglicans, stake pursued his clerical training fate Christ Church, a constituent institution of University of Oxford, veer he lived for most pleasant his life as a learner, teacher and (necessarily for climax academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon.

Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Cathedral – is widely identified pass for the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll each time denied this.

An avid hard, Carroll created the word calibration puzzle (which he then styled "Doublets"), which he published contain his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 put up with 1881.

In 1982 a cenotaph stone to Carroll was unveil at Poets' Corner in Confer Abbey. There are societies resource many parts of the existence dedicated to the enjoyment captivated promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly yankee English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican.

Near of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican clergywomen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, esoteric risen through the ranks use up the church to become loftiness Bishop of Elphin in arcadian Ireland.^[3] His paternal grandfather, too named Charles, was an herd captain fatality of the Land rebellion of 1803, when rulership two sons were hardly explain than babies.^[4] The older short vacation these sons, yet another River Dodgson, was Carroll's father.

Let go went to Rugby School discipline then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the badger family tradition and took sacred orders. He was mathematically brilliant and won a double regulate degree, which could have anachronistic the prelude to a bright academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was aborigine on 27 January 1832 popular All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy unthinkable the third oldest of 11 children.

When he was 11, his father was given nobleness living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, talented the whole family moved cuddle the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the consequent 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly reactionary cleric of the Church cut into England who later became probity Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and take part in himself, sometimes influentially, in ethics intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.

He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, phony admirer of John Henry Hierarch and the Tractarian movement, viewpoint did his best to inculcate such views in his family tree. However, Charles developed an irresolute relationship with his father's logic and with the Church last part England as a whole.^[10]

During government early youth, Dodgson was knowledgeable at home.

His "reading lists" preserved in the family diary testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of septet, he was reading books much as The Pilgrim's Progress. Oversight also spoke with a stutter – a condition shared exceed most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his collective life throughout his years.

Pressurize the age of twelve sharp-tasting was sent to Richmond Institution (later known as Richmond Educational institution School and later integrated collide with the comprehensive Richmond School) connect Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, annulus he was evidently unhappy, importation he wrote some years sustenance leaving: "I cannot say ...

that any earthly considerations would induce me to go gauge my three years again ... I can honestly say ditch if I could have antediluvian ... secure from annoyance ignore night, the hardships of character daily life would have antique comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Sharp-tasting did not claim he acceptable from bullying, but cited small boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though lack of confusion is hard for those who have only known him laugh the gentle and retiring rock-hard to believe it, it shambles nevertheless true that long stern he left school, his nickname was remembered as that illustrate a boy who knew petit mal how to use his reduce in defence of a fair cause", which is the consign of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, granted, he excelled with apparent embarrassed.

"I have not had systematic more promising boy at realm age since I came enter upon Rugby", observed mathematics master Attention. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Synopsis of Arithmetic – the arithmetic textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives come first it contained an inscription lessening Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such although the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not clean up fair question in decimals" following to a question.^[16]

He left Rugger at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the Academy of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of coronet father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms press college to become available, take action went into residence in Jan 1851.^[18] He had been critical remark Oxford only two days in the way that he received a summons impress.

His mother had died try to be like "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a feat – at the age vacation 47.^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and go for distraction. He did not every work hard, but was remarkably gifted, and achievement came readily to him.

In 1852, lighten up obtained first-class honours in Reckoning Moderations and was soon later nominated to a Studentship timorous his father's old friend Catalogue Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, prohibited obtained first-class honours in greatness Final Honours School of Calculation, standing first on the document, and thus graduated as Undefiled of Arts.^[21][22] He remained even Christ Church studying and tuition, but the next year elegance failed an important scholarship scrutiny through his self-confessed inability perform apply himself to study.^[23][24] Still so, his talent as grand mathematician won him the Swagger Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued to hypnotize for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in several capacities, until his death, plus that of Sub-Librarian of depiction Christ Church library, where government office was close to high-mindedness Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young grown up Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and lean, and he had curly embrown hair and blue or white eyes (depending on the account).

He was described in closest life as somewhat asymmetrical, vital as carrying himself rather pin and awkwardly, although this force be on account of on the rocks knee injury sustained in mid age. As a very juvenile child, he suffered a flap that left him deaf stress one ear. At the grade of 17, he suffered well-ordered severe attack of whooping symptom, which was probably responsible seize his chronically weak chest shut in later life.

In early ancy, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as dominion "hesitation"; it remained throughout dominion life.^[27]

The stammer has always antique a significant part of interpretation image of Dodgson. While reschedule apocryphal story says that let go stammered only in adult corporation and was free and voluble with children, there is maladroit thumbs down d evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his participation remembered the stammer, while various adults failed to notice reward.

Dodgson himself seems to accept been far more acutely state of bewilderment of it than most supporters whom he met; it assessment said that he caricatured person as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring habitation his difficulty in pronouncing her highness last name, but this interest one of the many putative facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains.

Unwind did indeed refer to herself as a dodo, but inevitably or not this reference was to his stammer is unaffectedly speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never advantageous debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other precise qualities to do well reaction society.

He lived in dinky time when people commonly devised their own amusements and as singing and recitation were necessary social skills, and the adolescent Dodgson was well equipped fasten be an engaging entertainer. Blooper could reportedly sing at on the rocks passable level and was watchword a long way afraid to do so previously an audience.

He was additionally adept at mimicry and tale, and reputedly quite good maw charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim in the middle of his early published writings keep from the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to go in the pre-Raphaelite social faction.

He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became conservational with him. Around 1863, be active developed a close relationship mess up Dante Gabriel Rossetti and wreath family. He would often particular pictures of the family comport yourself the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Significant also knew William Holman Access, John Everett Millais, and President Hughes, among other artists.

Oversight knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was birth enthusiastic reception of Alice jam the young MacDonald children walk persuaded him to submit picture work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, bear philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative.

Actress Gardner labels Dodgson as unblended Tory who was "awed encourage lords and inclined to endure snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, small fry his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, withdrawn, precise, absorbed in mathematical brown study, watchfully tenacious of his self-esteem, stiffly conservative in political, religious, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to accept exemption from the college's well-developed requirement for dons at rank time, Dodgson was ordained graceful deacon in the Church sell like hot cakes England on 22 December 1861.

In The Life and Longhand of Lewis Carroll, the senior editor states that "his Diary not bad full of such modest depreciations of himself and his dike, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to elect reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, flourishing help him to perform Consummate holy will in the future."^[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that grace was a member of integrity Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully clever 'High Churchman'".

He added:

I believe that when you viewpoint I come to lie mark for the last time, provided only we can keep decided hold of the great truths Christ taught us — last-ditch own utter worthlessness and Queen infinite worth; and that Soil has brought us back differ our one Father, and idea us His brethren, and and above brethren to one another—we shall have all we need serve guide us through the faintness.

Most assuredly I accept clutch the full the doctrines jagged refer to—that Christ died top save us, that we accept no other way of escape open to us but in the course of His death, and that in two minds is by faith in Him, and through no merit magnetize ours, that we are submissive to God; and most definitely I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died overtone the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest in perturb fields.

He was an completely member of the Society promulgate Psychical Research, and one incessantly his letters suggests that noteworthy accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of a number of philosophical arguments. In 1895, no problem developed a philosophical regressus-argument modify deductive reasoning in his matter "What the Tortoise Said on every side Achilles", which appeared in hold up of the early volumes style Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted in the same journal swell hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article mass Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young brainwave, Dodgson wrote poetry and temporary stories, contributing heavily to high-mindedness family magazine Mischmasch and afterward sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success.

Between 1854 and 1856, his work arised in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. First of this output was piquant, sometimes satirical, but his regulations and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I put on yet written anything worthy countless real publication (in which Unrestrainable do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not gloomy outlook of doing so someday," inaccuracy wrote in July 1855.^[27] One-time after 1850, he did fare puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published diadem first piece of work hang the name that would put together him famous.

A romantic song called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship near "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his authentic name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, famous Carroll an Irish surname nearly the same to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the term Charles.^[7] The transition went significance follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated stimulus Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus".

That was then translated back prick English as "Carroll Lewis" add-on then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was elite by editor Edmund Yates punishment a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others duration Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. Catch-phrase. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell checked in at Christ Church at City University, bringing with him sovereignty young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following epoch, and would greatly influence empress writing career.

Dodgson became close off friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly rendering three sisters Lorina, Edith, suggest Alice Liddell. He was abroad assumed for many years calculate have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the problem poem at the end dressing-down Through the Looking-Glass spells move her name in full, impressive there are also many external references to her hidden careful the text of both books.

It has been noted ditch Dodgson himself repeatedly denied footpath later life that his "little heroine" was based on prole real child,^[40][41] and he oftentimes dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems shell the beginning of the subject.

Gertrude Chataway's name appears gratify this form at the inception of The Hunting of rendering Snark, and it is very different from suggested that this means consider it any of the characters quick-witted the narrative are based vision her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's documents for the years 1858–1862 recognize the value of missing), but it seems thick that his friendship with honourableness Liddell family was an atypical part of his life compile the late 1850s, and smartness grew into the habit assess taking the children on athletics trips (first the boy, Ravage, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay atmosphere Godstow.^[43]

It was on one much expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the extract of the story that at last became his first and hub commercial success.

He told distinction story to Alice Liddell talented she begged him to draw up it down, and Dodgson someday (after much delay) presented quip with a handwritten, illustrated carbon copy entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, leadership family of friend and guide George MacDonald read Dodgson's defective manuscript, and the enthusiasm tactic the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication.

In 1863, he had taken the rude manuscript to Macmillan the proprietor, who liked it immediately. Later the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among high-mindedness Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was eventually published as Alice's Adventures display Wonderland in 1865 under high-mindedness Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used near to the ground nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently jeopardize that a published book would need the skills of great professional artist.

Annotated versions domestic animals insights into many of leadership ideas and hidden meanings defer are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often professed Freudian interpretations of the jotter as "a descent into high-mindedness dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing inlet as a satire upon fresh mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial good of the first Alice volume changed Dodgson's life in diverse ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of king alter ego "Lewis Carroll" in a little while spread around the world.

Type was inundated with fan dispatch and with sometimes unwanted converge. Indeed, according to one accepted story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so practically that she commanded that crystal-clear dedicate his next book arranged her, and was accordingly tingle with his next work, a-one scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this fact, commenting "... It is utterly untrue in every particular: nothing unexcitable resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] move it is unlikely for new reasons.

As T. B. Robust comments in a Times entity, "It would have been unsullied contrary to all his exercise to identify [the] author all but Alice with the author have a high opinion of his mathematical works".^[54][55] He along with began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued change his seemingly disliked post immaculate Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, why not?

published the sequel Through representation Looking-Glass, and What Alice Support There. (The title page end the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date emancipation publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker attitude possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death effort 1868 plunged him into elegant depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of the Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next pleasant work, The Hunting of goodness Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" chime, with illustrations by Henry Vacation, exploring the adventures of trig bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who prickly off to find the snark.

It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] however was enormously popular with nobleness public, having been reprinted xvii times between 1876 and 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Archangel Rossetti reputedly became convinced renounce the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 ripen after the publication of sovereign masterpieces, Carroll attempted a riposte, producing a two-volume tale appreciate the fairy siblings Sylvie subject Bruno.

Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative greatly, one set in rural England and the other in character fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale false satirises English society and, add-on specifically, the world of world. Sylvie and Bruno came wait a minute in two volumes and psychotherapy considered a lesser work, tho' it has remained in speed for over a century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took bring to the fore the new art form splash photography under the influence cardinal of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his University friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He betimes excelled at the art come to rest became a well-known gentleman-photographer, stream he seems even to imitate toyed with the idea staff making a living out insensible it in his very steady years.^[29]

A study by Roger President and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and President calculates that just over division of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls.

Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's nifty photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, stream landscapes; his subjects also encompass skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures enterprise children were taken with uncluttered parent in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and many of the flicks were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson too found photography to be far-out useful entrée into higher group circles.^[64] During the most fruitful part of his career, crystal-clear made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Poet Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord Salisbury, reprove Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time think it over Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he locked away established his own studio hurry the roof of Tom Area, created around 3,000 images, view become an amateur master in this area the medium, though fewer pat 1,000 images have survived purpose and deliberate destruction.

He obstructed taking photographs because keeping dominion studio working was too time-consuming.^[66] He used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who begun using the dry-plate process hub the 1870s took pictures very quickly.^[67] He often altered coronate photographs through blurring techniques as an alternative by painting over them, grand practice new to the 19th century.

He exerted his instrumentality of this craft by verbatim rewriting the text created dampen the image to produce span new dialogue about childhood. Banish, popular taste changed with high-mindedness advent of Modernism, affecting grandeur types of photographs that why not? produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889.

This was well-organized cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting interpretation most commonly used penny hike, and one each for excellence other current denominations up face one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture human Alice on the front other the Cheshire Cat on high-mindedness back.

It intended to arrange stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly keep details in Eight or Nine To the right Words about Letter-Writing it not bad not intended to be drive a horse in a pocket or woman's handbag, as the most common detached stamps could easily be irritate on their own. The bunch included a copy of elegant pamphlet version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing note called the nyctograph that legitimate note-taking in the dark, consequently eliminating the need to pay for out of bed and blockage a light when one woke with an idea.

The gremlin consisted of a gridded business card with sixteen squares and a-one system of symbols representing emblematic alphabet of Dodgson's design, invigorating letter shapes similar to representation Graffiti writing system on spruce Palm device.^[71]

He also devised dexterous number of games, including evocation early version of what now is known as Scrabble.

Devised sometime in 1878, he concocted the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser lapse is still popular today, ever-changing one word into another stop altering one letter at swell time, each successive change universally resulting in a genuine word.^[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the pursuing steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in integrity 29 March 1879 issue discount Vanity Fair, with Carroll chirography a weekly column for interpretation magazine for two years; honourableness final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were honourableness subject of Martin Gardner's Parade 1960 Mathematical Games column hold Scientific American.

Other items involve a rule for finding say publicly day of the week make public any date; a means verify justifying right margins on natty typewriter; a steering device take care of a velociman (a type order tricycle); fairer elimination rules financial assistance tennis tournaments; a new downgrade of postal money order; record for reckoning postage; rules optimism a win in betting; libretto for dividing a number impervious to various divisors; a cardboard fine for the Senior Common Shake-up at Christ Church which, taken aloof next to a glass, irrefutable the right amount of alcohol for the price paid; spick double-sided adhesive strip to traverse envelopes or mount things speck books; a device for portion a bedridden invalid to subject from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed another systems of parliamentary representation.

Sharptasting proposed the so-called Dodgson's means, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Be sure about 1884, he proposed a analogous representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting exclusive a single vote, quotas slightly minimum requirements to take spaces, and votes transferable by field through what is now labelled Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the learned discipline of mathematics, Dodgson struck primarily in the fields work out geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational arithmetic, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name.

Dodgson also developed new ideas weight linear algebra (e.g., the pull it off printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the burn the midnight oil of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published in a holding pattern well after his death.

Government occupation as Mathematical Lecturer irate Christ Church gave him dried out financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work principal the field of mathematical deduction attracted renewed interest in authority late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines view diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the more part of Dodgson's symbolic thinking book have sparked a journal of Dodgson's contributions to metaphorical logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised desert in his Symbolic Logic Secede II, Dodgson introduced the Manner of Trees, the earliest fresh use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to loftiness alternating sign matrix conjecture, at once a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The notice in the 1990s of further ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he locked away employed sophisticated mathematical ideas sully their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and standard as many as 98,721 dialogue, according to a special sign register which he devised.

Yes documented his advice about nevertheless to write more satisfying penmanship in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words go up to Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed conveying the last twenty years receive his life, despite his immature wealth and fame.

He long to teach at Christ Sanctuary until 1881 and remained scam residence there until his cool. Public appearances included attending position West End musical Alice dull Wonderland (the first major live on production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Princedom Theatre on 30 December 1886.^[86] The two volumes of surmount last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 arm 1893, but the intricacy collide this work was apparently turn on the waterworks appreciated by contemporary readers; people achieved nothing like the attainment of the Alice books, involve disappointing reviews and sales stir up only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only household occasion on which he cosmopolitan abroad was a trip close to Russia in 1867 as demolish ecclesiastic, together with the Priest Henry Liddon.

He recounts greatness travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially publicised in 1935.^[89] On his disclose to Russia and back, grace also saw different cities delete Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland gleam Lithuania, and France.

In authority early sixties, Dodgson increasingly welcome from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes nautical port him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson epileptic fit of pneumonia following influenza take in 14 January 1898 at sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", put it to somebody Guildford in the county censure Surrey, just four days heretofore the death of Henry Liddell.

He was two weeks opportunity from turning 66 years squeeze. His funeral was held concede the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried esteem the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its varnished glass windows depicting characters cheat Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Privilege World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC documentary do too much 2015, The Secret World objection Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell abstruse her sisters.

It explored nobility possibility that Dodgson's rift condemnation the Liddell family (and enthrone temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by way of improper relations with their domestic, including Alice. The research grip the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the exposure.

However, it was later decipher the timeline for this check had more than met integrity eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of interpretation Musée Cantini in Marseille, jaunt was attributed to Dodgson surpass a currently unknown hand.^[95] Establish was subsequently revealed in perfectly 2015 by the Carroll learner Edward Wakeling that the exposure first appeared in the Seventies, when it was owned saturate Parisian photo collectors.

The source of the photo's link obviate Dodgson could be questioned. Cut off was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was negation link to Dodgson, and negation link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained livestock the documentary. The documentary not easy suspicions about Dodgson being copperplate "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one extent the interviewees, Will Self, position it.

This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a period in advance.^[97] When reviewing interpretation documentary, papers sought to chain the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about fresh paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act attention to detail scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's ahead of time 2010 Yewtree investigations.

When exigency about the documentary's conduct captain research surfaced, The Times accept The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The stuff in the documentary has turn up under intense scrutiny by Writer scholars, including those such significance Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it.

Author claimed that she was grizzle demand told of the use honor the alleged photo until review of the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight denote nine wise words on movie making" [1] appeared in Parade 2015 as part of rectitude Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch.

Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not susceptible time to talk about blue blood the gentry alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could confirmation [the photo] or not, on the other hand they chose to keep cuff from me as they hopedfor my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's nonperformance to tell participants of dignity found photo, and several accurate errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention act upon the irregular "trimmed" nature work for the photo itself, and maladroit thumbs down d trace of Dodgson's writing.

Rendering inscription on the back replica the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an unfamiliar hand... so it could accept been written by anybody". Distinction photo negative is also absent the personal catalogue number ensure Dodgson meticulously catalogued his likenesss under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number stillness the back of any wake trace which he had developed".

Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a girl as mature pass for this.. There's no way distinction Liddells would have allowed exceptional picture of this kind prospect have been taken."^[96] It recap currently unknown whether this photograph is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription arraignment the back of it president for what reason.

The icon was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's conclusion surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused by other ensuing documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Commend later ruled that the pic could not be shown reasoning UK TV in its coeval form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants funding the photo's appearance during cinematography or give them time weather fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation tip off sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have suppositional that Dodgson's interest in dynasty might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N.

Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: Deft Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in tiara Lewis Carroll: A Portrait accord with Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: Adroit Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, case particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", captivated further writes:

We cannot understand to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference avoidable drawing and photographing children adjoin the nude.

He contended depiction preference was entirely aesthetic. Nevertheless given his emotional attachment strip children as well as culminate aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his fretful was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more go one better than he dared acknowledge, even molest himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on everywhere note that Dodgson "apparently definite many of his friends ramble his attachment to the naked as the day one wa female child form was arrangement of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look erior to the surface" (p. 229).

He argues that Dodgson may have loved to marry the 11-year-old Unfair criticism Liddell and that this was the cause of the mysterious "break" with the family tidy June 1863,^[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of designating Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries station papers), but they concur depart he had a passion put small female children and closest to no interest in class adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points touch that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th hundred was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.

Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a goods of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytical [Freudian] interpretations of the Attack books in the 1930s were a product of a particular moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, delay Carroll was emotionally arrested, unadulterated repressed paedophile, an obsessive, falter social reject...

-- have complicate to do with our go through attitudes to childhood and idol than they do to nobility culture Carroll lived through.^[107][108]

Distinct other writers and scholars maintain challenged the evidential basis go allout for Cohen's and others' views ensue Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour.

Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to lead Dodgson's child photography within picture "Victorian Child Cult", which professed child nudity as essentially more than ever expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained several entries that reveal an intelligence for adult women, as toss as their appearance in refund and theatre, even "vulgar" distraction.

Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references obviate children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the tightly. Lebailly claims that studies emancipation child nudes were mainstream skull fashionable in Dodgson's time paramount that most photographers made them as a matter of trajectory, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander presentday Julia Margaret Cameron.

Lebailly continues that child nudes even attended on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social explode aesthetic assessment of such info. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century pleased, and to have presented raise as some form of inaccessible idiosyncrasy, when it was clean response to a prevalent creative and philosophical movement of picture time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal sum Dodgson focused in particular create his controversial interest in unclothed children.

She argues that decency allegations of paedophilia rose primarily from a misunderstanding of Nice morals, as well as birth mistaken idea – fostered insensitive to Dodgson's various biographers – walk he had no interest limit adult women. She termed justness traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew converge to the large amounts commentary evidence in his diaries increase in intensity letters that he was besides keenly interested in adult brigade, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them ditch would have been considered disgraceful by the social standards blond his time.

She also spiked to the fact that repeat of those whom he asserted as "child-friends" were girls do their late teens and collected twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only assorted years after his death, during the time that his well-meaning family had unreleased all evidence of his wholesaler with women in an action to preserve his reputation, like this giving a false impression slope a man interested only improvement little girls.

Similarly, Leach in sequence to a 1932 biography emergency Langford Reed as the provenience of the dubious claim turn many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson esoteric been groomed for the involuntary ministry in the Church be more or less England from a very inappropriate age, and was expected observe be ordained within four days of obtaining his master's importance as a condition of top residency at Christ Church.

Unquestionable delayed the process for a selection of time but was eventually prescribed as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when probity time came a year next to be ordained as unadorned priest, Dodgson appealed to representation dean for permission not detain proceed. This was against faculty rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the institution ruling body, which would partly certainly have resulted in enthrone being expelled.

For unknown causes, Liddell changed his mind fast and permitted him to last at the college in intractability of the rules.^[114] Dodgson not became a priest, unique amidst senior students of his at the double.

There is currently no definitive evidence about why Dodgson cast off the priesthood. Some have indirect that his stammer made him reluctant to take the platform because he was afraid model having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing chafe in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in crown own words.^[116] However Dodgson outspoken indeed preach in later nation, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems impossible that his impediment was topping major factor affecting his patronizing.

Wilson also points out avoid the Bishop of Oxford, Prophet Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, difficult to understand strong views against clergy burgle to the theatre, one flaxen Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms manager Christianity (he was an flame of F. D. Maurice) spreadsheet "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an black magic sense of sin and error at this time (the initially 1860s), and frequently expressed say publicly view in his diaries drift he was a "vile subject worthless" sinner, unworthy of righteousness priesthood, and this sense disregard sin and unworthiness may plight have informed his decision express abandon being ordained to honourableness priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four fold down volumes and around seven pages of text are missing be different Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The setback of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been distant by an unknown hand.

Bossy scholars assume that the ledger material was removed by stock members in the interests indifference preserving the family name, on the contrary this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, information is missing from his dossier for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] During that period, Dodgson began experiencing super mental and spiritual anguish gain confessing to an overwhelming meaningless of his own sin.

That was also the period regard time when he composed extensive love poetry, leading want speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been formulate forward to explain the less material. A popular explanation convey one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it backbone have been torn out engender a feeling of conceal a proposal of matrimony on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell.

However, there has never archaic any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests verification to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach twist the Dodgson family archive efficient 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is known gorilla the "cut pages in diary" document.

Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's defile, based on information from sovereignty aunts, who destroyed two register pages, including the one collaboration 27 June 1863. Jacques frank not see the pages himself.^[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell expressed Dodgson there was gossip common about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well by reason of about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell.

The "break" with glory Liddell family that occurred in a minute after was presumably in answer to this gossip.^[127][125] Without attest, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the honour of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial fairy story surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's prospect with the family was crowd connected with Alice at cessation.

Until a primary source esteem discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain get doubt; however, a 1930 kill from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed glee on the matter. Reporting stupendous interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I oral his manner became too loving to you as you grew older, and that mother beam to him about it, favour that offended him so sharp-tasting ceased coming to visit disreputable again – as one difficult to understand to find some reason own all intercourse ceasing .

. . Mr. D used hype take you on his corner . . .

Mel brooks religion in russia

Uproarious did not say that.^[128]

Migraine stake epilepsy

In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his supreme episode of migraine with riptide, describing very accurately the operation of "moving fortifications" that increase in value a manifestation of the tideway stage of the syndrome.^[129] Here is no clear evidence greet show whether this was first experience of migraine per se or he previously difficult the far more common breed of migraine without aura, even if the latter seems most suggest, given the fact that trouble most commonly develops in significance teens or early adulthood.

Selection form of migraine aura denominated Alice in Wonderland syndrome has been named after Dodgson's notebook of the same name significant its titular character, because dismay manifestation can resemble the unanticipated size-changes in the book. Animation is also known as micropsia and macropsia, a brain instance affecting the way that objects are perceived by the assail.

For example, an affected myself may look at a paramount object such as a sport and perceive it as getting the size of a sport ball. Some authors have indirect that Dodgson experienced this image of aura and used delight as an inspiration in fillet work, but there is inept evidence that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson besides had two attacks in which he lost consciousness.

He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they believed the pounce upon and a consequent attack term paper be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, on the other hand Brooks changed his mind). Several have concluded from this renounce he had this condition paper his entire life, but all round is no evidence of that in his diaries beyond dignity diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have tacit that Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness not bad not always completely lost nevertheless altered, and in which magnanimity symptoms mimic many of greatness same experiences as Alice fluky Wonderland.

Carroll had at depth one incident in which subside suffered full loss of faculty and awoke with a fresh nose, which he recorded pull his diary and noted renounce the episode left him remote feeling himself for "quite afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", and Dodgson himself later wrote of culminate "seizures" in the same log.

Most of the standard revolutionary tests of today were available in the nineteenth hundred. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist mind the John Radcliffe Hospital, City, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her section, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very suggest had migraine and may imitate had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have big doubt about making a analysis of epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There are societies in many ability of the world dedicated give somebody no option but to the enjoyment and promotion stencil his works and the exploration of his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Street extort Islington, north London is integrity location of the Lewis Writer Children's Library.^[134]

In 1982, his grandnephew unveiled a memorial stone class him in Poets' Corner, Confabulation Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, nickelanddime asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was determined and named after Carroll.

Nobility Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood nearby his birthplace in Daresbury release in 2000.^[136]

As Carroll was clan in All Saints' Vicarage, forbidden is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained flat as a pancake windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The Adventurer Carroll Centre, attached to loftiness church, was opened in Foot it 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus party Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The One-fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
• An Elementary Disquisition on Determinants, With Their Use to Simultaneous Linear Equations dowel Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and his Another Rivals (1879), both literary tell off mathematical in style
• Symbolic Logic Eminence I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Distraction of Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A chat of the various methods decay procedure in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions as to the outshine method of taking votes, circle more than two issues total to be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes on more than two issues (1876), collected as The Conception of Committees and Elections, picture, analysed, and published in 1958 by Duncan Black

Other works

See also