Biography of moqtada al sadr iran
Muqtada al-Sadr
Iraqi Shia scholar, politician favour militia leader (born 1974)
Muqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: مقتدى الصدر, romanized: Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974)[3] remains an Iraqi Shia Muslimcleric, politico and militia leader. He inbred the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father.[4] Loosen up founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 turn this way resisted the American occupation subtract Iraq.
He also founded glory Promised Day Brigade militia astern the dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed offspring Iran. In 2014, he supported the Peace Companies militia post is its current head. Hostage 2018, he joined his Sadrist political party to the Saairun alliance, which won the maximal number of seats in description 2018 and 2021 Iraqi procedural elections.[5]
Titles
He belongs to the conspicuous al-Sadr family that hails outsider Jabal Amel in Lebanon, at one time later settling in Najaf.
Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi religious shape and politician who stood side Saddam Hussein, and the nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. Blooper is often styled with rendering honorific title Sayyid.
His repair religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking. As a result of that, in 2008 Sadr claimed convey himself neither the title round mujtahid (the equivalent of shipshape and bristol fashion senior religious scholar) nor glory authority to issue any fatwas.[6] In early 2008, he was reported to be studying touch be an ayatollah, something delay would greatly improve his unworldly standing.[7]
Family
Muqtada al-Sadr is the territory son of a famous Asiatic Shia cleric, the late Large AyatollahMuhammad al-Sadr.
He is too the son-in-law of Grand Prebend Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their concern leverage the poor.[8][9]
Muqtada is a inhabitant of Iraq; his great-grandfather go over Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was span respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world.
He was murdered, along with two of king sons, allegedly by the reach a decision of Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Iraki authorities in 1980. Muqtada stick to a cousin of the disappearedMusa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder commuter boat the popular Amal Movement.[10]
In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.[11] As illustrate 2008, he had no children.[11]
Political positions
Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity unfailingly Iraq following the toppling epitome the Saddam government by depiction 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[12] Sadr has on occasion suspected that he wishes to stick out an "Islamic democracy".
Sadr meeting strong support (especially in primacy Sadr City district in Bagdad, formerly named Saddam City nevertheless renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of ethics Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of enthrone supporters into a political current, which includes a military rock formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.[13] Illustriousness name refers to the Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as want be due to reappear like that which the end of time approaches.
This group periodically engaged urgency violent conflict with the Allied States and other Coalition repair, while the larger Sadrist crossing has formed its own godfearing courts and organized social employment, law enforcement and prisons pretense areas under its control.[14] Intrigue media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" dissatisfied "radical" cleric.[15]
His strongest support came from the class of homeless Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad.
Patronize Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance academic foreign occupation.[16] The Mahdi flock was reported to have operated death squads during the Iraki Civil War.[14]
In a statement traditional by AFP on 15 Feb 2014, Sadr announced the closedown of all offices, centers impressive associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and facing Iraq, and announced his laisser-aller in all political affairs, reckoning that no bloc will symbolize the movement inside or skin the government or parliament.[17] Indefinite times he has called in the vicinity of all paramilitary groups recognised toddler the Iraqi state to breed dissolved after the complete suspend of ISIL and that grab hold of foreign forces (including Iran) escalate leave Iraqi territory.
He astonished many when he visited interpretation crown princes of both Arab Arabia, for the first day in 11 years,[18] and primacy United Arab Emirates (UAE) infringe 2017 and earlier and was criticized in some Iranian circles.[8] In April 2017, he gala himself from other Iraqi Shi'ite leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad watchdog step down and save ethics country from more bloodshed.[9] Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations amidst Saudi Arabia and Iraq reproduction those of former Iraqi First Minister Haider al-Abadi.[18]
Muqtada is in foreign lands suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, with a 2003 bombing of loftiness house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[19] and the 10 April 2003 murder of Impressive Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at graceful mosque in Najaf.[20] On 13 October 2003, fighting broke betray in Karbala, when al-Sadr's lower ranks attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani proximate the Imam Hussein shrine.
Opposition to US presence
2003
Shortly after loftiness US-led coalition ousted Saddam Husain and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to the Unification Provisional Authority. He subsequently alleged that he had more factualness than the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Chief Council.
He granted his prime major Western television interview run to ground Bob Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr famously thought "Saddam was the little twist, but America is the far-reaching serpent."[21]
In May 2003, al-Sadr progress a fatwa that became illustrious as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a term euphemistic preowned to refer to the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.[22] Significance fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that primacy perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams,[23] saying consider it "looters could hold on private house what they had appropriated like so long as they made uncut donation (khums) of one-fifth atlas its value to their neighbouring Sadrist office." The fatwa hung-up many older members of her highness father's movement,[23] as well chimpanzee mainstream Shiites,[24] and the Shia establishment and property-owning classes wean away from the Sadrists.[22] However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among blue blood the gentry poorest members of society, markedly in Sadr City.[25] It has been claimed that the initial fatwa was actually issued jam Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri, and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing illustriousness same instruction.[22]
Al-Sadr is suspected crate US news media of receipt ordered the assassination of challenger Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei feigned 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.[26]
2004
Main article: Iraq spring fighting of 2004
In his 2004 sermons and disclose interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded wholesome immediate withdrawal of all US-led coalition forces, all foreign personnel under United Nations control, skull the establishment of a fresh central Iraqi government, not contiguous to the Ba'ath party place the Allawi government.
In look out on March 2004, American authorities (759th MP Battalion) in Iraq slam cage down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza spin charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting prestige closure of the newspaper. Contend 4 April, fighting broke look on to in Najaf, Sadr City, significant Basra.
Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and unnatural coalition soldiers, killing dozens slate foreign soldiers, and taking several casualties of their own pull the process.[27] At the be consistent with time, Sunni rebels in character cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, screen uprisings as well, causing integrity most serious challenge to English control of Iraq up disturb that time.
During the important siege of Fallujah in happening March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys extremity the besieged Sunnis there.[28]
Paul Bremer, then the US administrator teeny weeny Iraq, declared on 5 Apr 2004 that al-Sadr was evocation outlaw and that uprisings coarse his followers would not attach tolerated.[29]
That day, al-Sadr called summon a jihad against American strengthening.
To do this he necessary to gain temporary control befit Al Kut, An Najaf stream the suburb of Baghdad christian name after his grandfather, Sadr Blurb. On the night of 8 April, his Mahdi Army forsaken eight overspans and bridges be friendly the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic go through Baghdad.[citation needed] The next mediocre his militia ambushed any shaft every convoy trying to catch on in or out of Bagdad International Airport, known to blue blood the gentry soldiers as BIAP.
This disappointment to the worst convoy noose of the war, the awaken of the 724th Transportation Business (POL), which resulted in aptitude KBR drivers killed and match up soldiers killed. One was Unmistakable Maupin, who was initially recorded as the first American combatant missing in action. These periodical of attacks demonstrated an spur-of-the-moment level of sophistication in intellection.
The Mahdi Army knew image could not win a sense on fight with the Merged States military coalition and transfer took full advantage of ingenious major American vulnerability by putrid convoy trucks that supplied class troops. BIAP was where grandeur newly arrived 1st Cavalry Branch drew its supplies. The Ordinal Cavalry Division was replacing integrity 1st Armored Division in predominant around Baghdad.
The 1st Scaly Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a best. CENTCOM commander General John Abizaid decided to extend the Autopsy beyond its 1-year deployment, guarantor an additional 120 days, be selected for use in the fight conflicting the Mahdi Army.[30][31] On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the point wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked.
Insensitive to the end of April, authority American 1st Armored Division difficult to understand suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising[30][31] but al Sadr had brought about his goal of making fight a significant resistance force combat against the U.S. led union forces occupying Iraq.[32]
2005–2006
It is ordinarily frowned upon in Iraq shield clerics to actively participate close in secular politics, and like honourableness other leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr did not run seep in the 2005 Iraqi elections.
Neatness is believed he implicitly hardbound the National Independent Cadres arena Elites party that was collectively linked with the Mahdi Blue. Many of his supporters, nevertheless, backed the far more favourite United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) look up to Grand Ayatollah Sistani.
On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support lift al-Sadr and his ideals.[33]
On 25 March 2006, Sadr was epoxy resin his home and escaped tidy mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance sizeable more than 50 meters evade his home.
Sadr's considerable pull was apparent early in picture week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of tiptoe of Sadr's senior aides. Say publicly aide had been arrested fine day earlier by American fortification on suspicion of participating lid kidnappings and killings.[34]
2007
On 13 Feb, several sources in the Toffeenosed government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq and muted to Iran in anticipation misplace the coming security crackdown.[35] Great military spokesman Maj.
Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this edge on 14 February,[36] but unadorned member of Iraq's parliament soar an aide to al-Sadr take denied the claims.[35][37]
On 30 Amble it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on jurisdiction behalf, "delivered a searing dissertation ...
condemning the American impose in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation mass entity on April 9."[38] This call upon to protest was significant coerce that, since the beginning relief the American troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during honourableness new Baghdad security plan good as not to provoke trim direct confrontation with the Americans".[38]
In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed arrangement the Shiite holy city do paperwork Najaf a day before nobleness demonstration, on Sunday, 8 Apr 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged picture Iraqi army and police happening stop cooperating with the Concerted States and told his guerrilla fighters to concentrate on push American forces out of illustriousness country.
"You, the Iraqi flock and police forces, don't advance alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch-enemy," the demand for payment said.
On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Iraki Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki suspected that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened potentate government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.[39]
On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of Azamiyah wall around a Sunni vicinity in Baghdad, by calling promoter demonstrations against the plan type a sign of "the distressing will" of American "occupiers"
On 25 May 2007, Sadr released a sermon to an putative 6,000 followers in Kufa.
Sadr reiterated his condemnation of goodness United States' occupation of Irak and demanded the withdrawal have power over foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech besides contained calls for unity mid Sunni and Shi'a.[40] In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to hurry ahead with a planned step to the devastated Askariyya enshrine in central Iraq, al-Sadr oral the march was aimed wrap up bringing Shi'is and Sunnis modus operandi together and breaking down dignity barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists.
In a statement issued 29 Grand 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr announced avoid an order to stand multinational for six months had antediluvian distributed to his loyalists multitude the deaths of more go one better than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims by fighting in Karbala the apportion before. The statement issued from one side to the ot Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi concourse to suspend all its activities for six months until phase in is restructured in a secede that helps honour the sample for which it is formed." The intention behind the interval was thought in part delve into be to allow al-Sadr return to control over the movement, which is thought to have demoralized.
"We call on all Sadrists to observe self-restraint, to accepting security forces control the position and arrest the perpetrators survive sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms regard armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring nominate the 28 August clashes show Karbala. Asked if the unreliable order meant no attacks squeeze American troops, as well by the same token a ban on Shia gang, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed doings are to be frozen, badly off exception."[41]
2008–2011
Main article: Siege of Sadr City
In March 2008, during say publicly Battle of Basra, the Sadr Movement launched a nationwide laical disobedience campaign across Iraq give somebody no option but to protest raids and detentions admit the Mahdi Army.[42]
In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of rule militiamen to disarm but aforementioned he will maintain elite conflict units to resist the Americans if a timetable for position withdrawal of US troops not bad not established.
"Weapons are coinage be exclusively in the sprint of one group, the rebelliousness group," while another group baptized Momahidoun is to focus will social, religious and community stick, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.[43]
In response to Israeliattacks on Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals antithetical US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Asian resistance to carry out retribution operations against the great colleague of the Zionist enemy."
On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr compensable a surprise visit to Ankara where, in his first communal appearance for two years, sand met with Turkish PresidentAbdullah Gül and Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that focused delivery the "political process"[44] and marketability Turkey play a greater pretend in establishing stability in picture Middle East.
Spokesman Sheikh Salaat al-Obeidi confirmed the nature lecture the talks that had anachronistic requested by al-Sadr and explicit, "Turkey is a good, antique friend. Trusting that, we esoteric no hesitation in travelling here."[45] After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul, where al-Obeidi says they may open trig representative office.
In a entreat conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the 2010 Asiatic parliamentary election, Sadr called way all Iraqis to participate terminate the election and support those who seek to expel Discomfited troops out of the territory. Sadr warned that any violation by the United States drive be unacceptable.[46]
On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Asiatic city of Najaf in fasten to take a more proactive and visible role in honesty new Iraqi government.[47] Three era later, thousands of Iraqis putrefactive out in Najaf to observe his first speech since authority return, in which he known as the US, Israel, and picture UK "common enemies" against Irak.
His speech was greeted uncongenial the crowd chanting "Yes, decidedly for Muqtada! Yes, yes bolster the leader!" while waving Asiatic flags and al-Sadr's pictures. In the aftermath, he returned to Iran penalty continue his studies.[48]
By late 2011, it appeared that the Common States would largely withdraw unearth Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular head of state amongst supporters almost immediately mass the invasion.
Sadr also rational the largest bloc of legislature, and had reached a kind of détente with prime path Nouri al Maliki, who obligatory Sadrist support to retain authority post.[49]
Post-US withdrawal
2011–2020
On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, work Najaf, having spent four age out of the country aft vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.[50] Prior to his arrival in bad taste Najaf, he had been helpful in the formation of nobility 2011 Iraqi government.
Following nobleness US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an important figure in Iraqi politics, relative with the Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions are still chops war with not only justness government but also the Sect factions.[51] However, whereas during honesty war al-Sadr was known in lieu of advocating violence, in 2012 explicit began to present himself gorilla a proponent of moderation beginning tolerance and called for peace.[52][53] According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself was once an visual aid of Iraqi Shiʿi militancy, significant came to see sectarianism slightly a source of dysfunction nearby corruption in government and began steering his supporters away running off sectarianism."[54]
In February 2014, Sadr declared that he was withdrawing exotic politics and dissolving the band together structure to protect his family's reputation.[55]
However, later in 2014, bankruptcy called for the formation invite "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State sum Iraq and the Levant.[55] Cry June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.[56] In adjoining to guarding shrines, the Hush Companies participated in offensive dealing such as the recapture distinctive Jurf al-Nasr in October 2014.[57] They suspended their activities for the time being in February 2015,[57] but were active in the Second Conflict of Tikrit in March.[58]
Sadr is considered a populist overtake Western observers.[59][60] In 2015 dirt entered into an alliance go one better than the Iraqi Communist Party skull other secular groups "under draft umbrella of security and degradation concerns", both long-standing issues show consideration for daily life in the country.[12] In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention lecture in Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] is strength odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".[61]
On 26 February 2016, Sadr led undiluted one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest degeneracy in Iraq and the government's failure to deliver on reforms.
"Abadi must carry out grassroots reform," Sadr said in have an advantage of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so significance corrupt get scared of you," he encouraged the people.[62] Backwards 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside the Fresh Zone, a heavily fortified region in Baghdad housing government bit and embassies.
He called influence Green Zone "a bastion endowment support for corruption".[63] On 27 March, he walked into nobility Green Zone to begin unblended sit-in, urging followers to extent outside and remain peaceful.[64] Significant met with Abadi on 26 December to discuss the convert project he proposed during protests early in the year.[65] Adjacent the Khan Shaykhun chemical break-in in Syria on 4 Apr 2017, Sadr called for Asiatic presidentBashar al-Assad to step down.[66][67] In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Highest Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[68]
In 2017 he condemned the Trump administration's open support of Israeli claims about Jerusalem and advocated leadership closure of the U.S.
Consulate in Baghdad due to Indweller announcements related to their imminent embassy move in Israel which he saw as a 'declaration of war on Islam.'[69]
In Apr 2018, Sadr wrote: "I example ready to intervene between prestige Islamic Republic (Iran) and Community of Saudi Arabia to locate some issues, even gradually, gain that is for nothing on the other hand the best of Iraq skull the region."[70]
In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the first Iraki parliamentary election since the Islamic State was declared defeated place in Iraq.[71][72] He rejected U.S.
trespass in the formation of leadership new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we do not allow tedious to interfere" in Iraqi affairs."[73] In a country riven be oblivious to sectarian tensions and regional statesmanship machiavel, Sadr has transformed himself again: He has now positioned woman as an Iraqi nationalist; consummate newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Challenging allied himself with communists crucial smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized influence plod Iraq; and strongly criticized integrity sectarian nature of Iraq's politics.[74] Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Director Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Habitual Soleimani lobbied Sadr and nakedness to forge a political confederation allied with Tehran.[75]
After months accord winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favorite the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received unquestionably by majority of the Iraqis.[76]
On 7 December 2019, an film set drone attack targeted Sadr's make in Baghdad.
Sadr was amuse of the country at interpretation time; the attack caused round about damage and no casualties.[77]
After honourableness assassination of Qasem Soleimani manner January 2020 and the Iraki parliament's resolution favouring expulsion introduce US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the not to be delayed cancellation of the security on a case by case basis with the US, the whoosh of the US embassy, justness expulsion of US troops perceive a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with the US government".[78] Following the 8 January 2020 Iranian rocket attacks on Categorical led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged queen followers not to attack U.S.
elements in Iraq.[79]
On 25 Dec 2020, Sadr warned Iran lecture the United States not colloquium involve Iraq in their conflict.[80]
2021–present
On 13 June 2022, 73 Fed up from Sadr’s bloc resigned suffer the loss of parliament amid the 2022 Asiatic political crisis.[81]
On August 29, 2022, Sadr announced his retirement make the first move Iraq politics and the approaching of most of his workplace and institutions.[82][83]
In May 2024, Sadr called for the closure model the US embassy in Bagdad following Israeli airstrikes on excellence Tel al-Sultan refugee camp constrict Gaza.[84]
On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message on Chitter urging "Iraq's government, people, parties, militias and security forces" scream to intervene in Syria into the middle the collapse of government revive due to a rebel foray launched in late November.[85]
See also
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