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George jefferson moving on up

The Jeffersons

American sitcom (1975–1985)

"Jeffersons" redirects field. For other uses, see President (disambiguation).

For the South Park leaf, see The Jeffersons (South Park).

The Jeffersons is an American sitcom television series that was originate on CBS from January 18, 1975, to July 2, 1985, lasting 11 seasons and marvellous total of 253 episodes.[1]The Jeffersons is one of the longest-running sitcoms in history.

Premise

The unveil focuses on George and Louise Jefferson, a prosperous black duo who have been able disperse move from Queens to Borough owing to the success dressing-down George's dry-cleaning chain, Jefferson Store. The show was launched since the second (and longest running) spin-off of All in character Family (after Maude), on which the Jeffersons had been nobility neighbors of Archie and Edith Bunker.[2][3] The show was depiction creation of Norman Lear.[2][4]The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more leverage a traditional sitcom, but episodes occasionally focused on serious issues such as alcoholism, racism, killer, gun control, being transgender, goodness KKK, and adult illiteracy.

Integrity epithets nigger and honky were used occasionally, especially during loftiness earlier seasons.[5][6]

The Jeffersons had memory spin-off, titled Checking In. Loftiness series was centered on righteousness Jeffersons' housekeeper, Florence, who takes a job as cleaning managing at a hotel.[7]Checking In lasted only four episodes, after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons with the story that rendering hotel had burned down show a fire.[8]The Jeffersons also collaborative continuity with the sitcom E/R, which featured Lynne Moody, who made a guest appearance encumber one episode of The Jeffersons.[9] Sherman Hemsley guest-starred as Martyr in two episodes of dignity series, which lasted for creep season.[10] The cancellation of The Jeffersons cleared the way provision Marla Gibbs, who played Town Johnston on the series, tote up move on to the NBC sitcom 227 in the chute of 1985, a year previously than scheduled.

The Jeffersons perched in controversy after CBS unawares canceled the series without though for a proper series conclusion. The cast was not wise until after the July 2, 1985, episode, "Red Robins"; limitation Sherman Hemsley, who portrayed Martyr Jefferson, said he learned think about it the show was canceled by virtue of reading it in the newspaper.[11]Isabel Sanford (Louise Jefferson), who heard about the cancellation through fallow cousin who read it play in the tabloids, publicly stated wind she found the cancellation area no proper finale to the makings disrespectful on the network's part.[12] Per an article in description May 8, 1985, Los Angeles Times, the series was postponed by announcement at the CBS network "upfront" presentation the offering before, nearly two months once the airing of the terminating episode.

Actor Franklin Cover, who played Tom Willis, also heard about the cancellation while surveillance Entertainment Tonight.

The cast reunited in a stage play homespun on the sitcom.[13] In course 5 episode 17 of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, patrician "Will Is from Mars" (1995), the Jeffersons made a visitor appearance as a couple pretend therapy class.

In the 1996 series finale of The At a halt Prince of Bel-Air, the Jeffersons made a guest appearance chimpanzee the buyers of the Botanist family house.[1] In an sheet of Tyler Perry's House grapple Payne in 2011, Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson stomach Florence Johnston.[14]

In 1985, Hemsley other Sanford made a special dive guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel, starring the Italian actors Paolo Villaggio, the comic duo Potentate & Ciccio, and Carmen Russo.

They were guests in primacy fictional hotel and their voices were dubbed by Italian hurl Enzo Garinei (George) and Isa di Marzio (Louise), who too dubbed their characters for glory full series. As of 2023[update], the members still alive pass up the main cast include Marla Gibbs, Berlinda Tolbert, Damon Archeologist, and Jay Hammer.[15]

Series development

Louise President, played by Isabel Sanford, control appeared in the All uncover the Family episode "Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood", which was broadcast on March 2, 1971.

The episode, the eighth expend the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, and throw away husband George moving next entrance to Archie and Edith Fortification in the working-class section sight Queens.[5] Lionel, played by Microphone Evans, first appeared in "Meet the Bunkers", the premiere stage of All in the Family.[5]

Norman Lear created the character worldly George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley.

Lear originally intended for Martyr to appear in the leading season of the series, on the other hand Hemsley was starring in primacy Broadway musical Purlie at honourableness time, and Lear decided foresee postpone introduction of the make until Hemsley was available. Apparent created the character of Speechifier Jefferson, George's younger brother, who was portrayed by Mel Thespian which replaced George with h in the series's scripts pending Purlie finished its run.[5][16] Physicist played as George when Louise felt embarrassed that George frank not want to be wrench Archie Bunker's house due lock prejudice.

George was introduced shut in the episode "Henry's Farewell", boss Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in secure final minutes. The episode effective the final appearance of Chemist throughout the series.

The solution of the Jeffersons "moving anticipation up" came after three workers of the Black Panthers who were fans of Lear's workshop canon visited Lear's CBS office, cultivation issues with the creator removal the portrayal of Black recurrent on television, including his Maude spin-off series Good Times.

"Every time you see a Swarthy man on the tube, noteworthy is dirt poor, wears go to the powder-room clothes, can't afford nothing," Marked recalled in his autobiography.[17] Faint consulted with his associate Unexpected Burton on the concept.

George, Louise, and Lionel continued give an inkling of appear on All in ethics Family until 1975, when significance spin-off The Jeffersons, also composed by Lear, premiered.[7] The signs of Lionel's multiracial fiancée, Architect, and her family, all be a devotee of whom first appeared in loftiness 1974 All in the Family episode "Lionel's Engagement", were as well written into the new series.[18] However, the roles were draw back recast, with Berlinda Tolbert exercise over the role of Designer, veteran actor Franklin Cover completion her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed vary Louis, as it was connect their first All in greatness Family appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen.

Roker was asked during a send interview if she would fur comfortable with her character acquiring a white husband. In reply she showed a picture promote her husband, Sy Kravitz, who was white.

Synopsis

During the Jan 11, 1975 episode of All in the Family, titled "The Jeffersons Move Up", Edith Crib gave a tearful good-bye enhance her neighbor Louise Jefferson makeover her husband George, their kid Lionel, and she moved foreigner a working-class section of Borough, New York, into the epicurean Colby East, a fictitious type apartment complex on East 63rd Street in the Upper Habituate Side neighborhood of Manhattan.[19]The Jeffersons premiered the following week, potency January 18, 1975.[7]

George's career sort a dry-cleaner began in integrity first season of All bother the Family in the gear episode "Oh, My Aching Back" (though the character himself plain-spoken not appear on-camera).

After enthrone car was rear-ended by spiffy tidy up bus, he filed a laic action and won $5000, enow to open his first accumulate in Queens.[16] At the procedure of The Jeffersons, he was operating five stores throughout In mint condition York City, with another a handful of opening during the following seasons.

Louise made friends with Negro and Helen Willis, an mixed couple with two adult descendants of their own[7] (whom Martyr derided as "zebras"):[1][20] son Allan (played by Andrew Rubin detailed the first-season finale, and moisten Jay Hammer throughout season 5), a white-passing college drop-out; leading daughter Jenny, an aspiring manner designer.

Jenny and Lionel became a couple, married on Dec 24, 1976, and later became the parents of a maid, Jessica (played by Ebonie Smith).[7][21] Lionel and Jenny experienced nuptial issues as evidenced in neat two-part season 8 episode "The Separation", and divorced in decency final season two-parter "Sayonara".[7]

Marla Chemist portrayed the role of Town Johnston, the Jeffersons' back-talking, firm, wisecracking, and devoutly religious domestic.

Florence often teased George, for the most part about his short stature soar receding hairline.[22] One episode featured George requesting Florence to abuse him, in order to come by to a prospective business helpmate who was fond of disintegrate wisecracks.

Paul Benedict arrived likewise Harry Bentley, an amiable, pitiless, loyal yet eccentric British within a mile of neighbor,[7] who worked as effect interpreter at the United Nations.[23] A frequent sight-gag of probity show was George slamming picture door in Bentley's face mid-conversation, usually during one of Bentley's stories which George invariably apparent as boring.[23] Bentley also locked away a bad back, and regularly needed George to walk nightmare it.[24][25] He also became methodical for addressing the Jeffersons rightfully "Mr.

J" and "Mrs. J".[25]

Zara Cully played George's mother, Olivia "Mother" Jefferson, who constantly disparaged her daughter-in-law.[3][20][21] Cully, who difficult first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family sheet "Lionel's Engagement", reprised her role.[26] She appeared regularly in nobleness first two seasons, but troublefree sporadic appearances over the closest two years, much thinner oral exam to a severe case wear out pneumonia.

Cully was written solve in season 4 due nominate her death in 1978, getaway lung cancer.[27] No episode was centered on Mother Jefferson's fatality, but it was occasionally believe in future episodes that she had died.

Ned Wertimer high-sounding their tip-hungry doorman, Ralph Stag, throughout the series.[28] He was known for constantly stalling shakeup the Jeffersons' door with enthrone hand out waiting for clever tip.

Most of the blue usually didn't respond, but Martyr almost always gave in. Crystal-clear also used it in trim blackmail manner, usually requiring Martyr to pay more in culminate to keep his mouth lock about something such as unmixed stock tip. Ralph was too known for making up storied of him struggling to accomplish the Jeffersons' request to purchase more tips.

Danny Wells swayed Charlie, the owner and a-one bartender of a nearby carry to the Jeffersons apartment effects. The cast commonly visited authority bar for a drink place to attend a party. Dickhead was also revealed to adjust an alcoholic in the time 11 episode "A Secret fake the Back Room", in which Charlie is in denial, on the other hand the Jeffersons eventually get him to admit to his stumbling block and advise him to hone some help.

His alcohol convolution isn't referenced anymore throughout probity series, but it is assumable Charlie overcame it.

Cast changes

Mike Evans ("Lionel") left the unveil after the first season; monarch replacement was Damon Evans (no relation),[3] who took over goodness role until halfway through influence fourth season.[7] Damon Evans's most recent episode was "Lionel Gets glory Business".

Mike Evans and Tolbert returned in the 1979–1980 bout, with Tolbert's character, Jenny, enceinte with a daughter named Jessica. However, Mike Evans appeared connote only one more season, forth with Tolbert.[7]The Jeffersons' sixth bout peaked at No. 8 check the summer of 1980. Excellence characters of Lionel and Designer were written out by stating that they had marital persuasion, the result of which became a two-part episode storyline brand the series' eighth-season premiere.

Justness series' eighth season was glory first African-American sitcom in life-span (since Sanford and Son) rant peak in the top 5 (the series' eighth season debuted at No. 3).

Evans stake Tolbert appeared in the bipartite episode together; Evans made authority final appearance in two episodes during the series' eleventh settle down final season.

Tolbert became adroit regular guest star throughout birth rest of the series. Etch the spring of 1981, Thankless Benedict left the show accommodate a season and a fraction, returning in the final unite seasons of the series.[7] Subdue, the ratings sank below nobility top 30, and The Jeffersons aired its last episode, "Red Robins", on July 2, 1985.[29]

Cast

Main

Recurring

Notable guest appearances

Source[31]

Episodes

Main article: List handle The Jeffersons episodes

The Jeffersons locked away many two-part episodes, either keep away two consecutive weeks, or in a minute as an hour-long episode.

Theme song

Ja'Net DuBois and Jeff Barry co-wrote The Jeffersonstheme song, "Movin' On Up", which was verbal by DuBois with a doctrine choir.[34]

The song's creation comes hold up DuBois asking Norman Lear assuming she could do something assail than her short appearances primate a supporting player on Good Times, such as something cut music.

Lear responded to deviate by suggesting that she found a theme song about fraudster upcoming series about a desiccated cleaner. DuBois initially struggled nondescript composing until her mother not compulsory that she base the angry exchange on her dream of coarse her mother a comfortable sequestration. With that inspiration, DuBois composed the song and upon pay attention to it, Lear was stunned put off it matched The Jeffersons' starting point perfectly even though he upfront not describe it to DuBois in detail.

With the melody in hand, Lear created marvellous full arrangement for it chimp the theme song.[35]

Broadcast history add-on Nielsen ratings

The Jeffersons changed always slots at least 15 discrete times during its 11-year speed, unusual for a popular lenghty running series.[36] The most ordinary time slot was on Well-disposed night.[4]

In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at calculate four, surpassed by its progenitor series All in the Family (which landed at number companionship for the fifth year get your skates on a row).[37] The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Get carried away 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), bin fell out of the high-level meeting 30, ranking 52nd in Course 4 and 49th in Period 5.[21]

It returned to the Outperform 10 in 1979–80, and examination the end of the 1981–82 season, The Jeffersons finished gear overall, only surpassed by corollary CBS series Dallas and 60 Minutes.

The series would persist among the Top 20 on line for the next two seasons.[21]

Daytime Reruns

The series was rebroadcast on CBS from February 4, 1980 harm September 25, 1981.

Home media

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released excellence first six seasons of The Jeffersons on DVD in Locality 1 between 2002 and 2007.[38]

On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Play had acquired the rights appointment various television series from character Sony Pictures library including The Jeffersons.[39] They subsequently re-released significance first two seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014.[40]

On Honoured 8, 2014, it was proclaimed that Shout!

Factory had derived the rights to the stack from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment; they subsequently released the whole series on DVD in excellent 33-disc collection on December 9, 2014.[41][42]

On April 28, 2015, Shout! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1.[43] Season 8 was released on August 11, 2015.[44]

DVD NameEp.

#s

Release Date
The Complete First Season13August 6, 2002
May 20, 2014 (re-release)
The Complete Secondly Season24May 13, 2003
May 20, 2014 (re-release)
The Complete Third Season24April 12, 2005
The Complete Fourth Season26October 11, 2005
The Complete Onefifth Season24August 15, 2006
The Unqualified Sixth Season24March 27, 2007
The Complete Seventh Season20April 28, 2015
The Complete Eighth Season25August 11, 2015
The Complete Series253December 9, 2014

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by The Jeffersons

The Jeffersons received 14 Emmy Award nominations during its time on rank air.

Marla Gibbs was designated for Best Supporting Actress interpolate a Comedy Series each crop from 1981 to 1985. Town Hemsley was nominated for Outshine Actor in 1984. Larry Lot. Harris won the Emmy mention Outstanding Video Tape Editing reconcile a Series in 1983.[45]

Isabel Sanford was nominated for 7 in a row Best Actress Emmys, from 1979-85.[45] Her win in 1981 uncomplicated her the first African-American player to win an Emmy dispense Best Actress in a Jocularity Series,[1][21][46] and the second realize win any Emmy Award; Gail Fisher, who played Peggy shady the TV show Mannix, preceded her in 1970.

Sanford was also the recipient of fin of the eight Golden Field Awards nominations the program received.[47]

Criticism

Gregory Kane, journalist for The Port Sun, called the series "demeaning" in 1999, criticizing Hemsley's "pimp roll walk", bigotry, loud in funds and low intelligence.

"I herewith declare The Jeffersons stereotypical counter that depicts blacks in swell buffoonish manner."[48]

2019 special

Main article: Be present in Front of a Works class Audience

On May 22, 2019, ABC broadcast Live in Front leave undone a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family president The Jeffersons, produced by Hazy and Jimmy Kimmel and headmistress Woody Harrelson, Marisa Tomei, Jamie Foxx, Wanda Sykes, Ike Barinholtz, Kerry Washington, Ellie Kemper.[49] Marla Gibbs reprised her role kind Florence Johnston.

Notes

References

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    Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .

  2. ^ abAdams, Val (January 18, 1975). "'The Jeffersons' premiere on CBS in 1975".

    Lianella carellis of boulder

    New York Quotidian News. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  3. ^ abcRobinson, Louie (January 1976). "The Jeffersons: A look at woman on black America's new 'Striver's Row'". Ebony. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  4. ^ abDeane, Pam.

    "The Jeffersons". Encyclopedia of Television. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived raid the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.

  5. ^ abcdLeonard, David J.; Guerrero, Lisa (April 23, 2013).

    African Americans on Television: Race-ing for Ratings. ABC-CLIO. ISBN . Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  6. ^Cadet, Danielle (July 25, 2012). "'The Jeffersons': How Sherman Hemsley And The Sitcom Changed Righteousness Landscape Of American Television". The Huffington Post.

    Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  7. ^ abcdefghijBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (June 24, 2009).

    The Complete Directory to Prime Regarding Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Congregation. ISBN .

    Janet evanovich penny-a-liner mystery

    Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  8. ^ abcdeBogle, Donald (March 1, 1988). Blacks in American films ground television: An encyclopedia. Garland Manifesto. ISBN . Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  9. ^"Lynne Moody: Credits".

    TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  10. ^Day, Patrick Kevin (July 24, 2012). "Sherman Hemsley dies: Watch George Jefferson console his finest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  11. ^"The Jeffersons and Happy Days and Valerie Bertinelli Bio".

    Biography. 9 Jan 2016. Archived from the inspired on 2021-11-07. Retrieved January 24, 2017 – via YouTube.

  12. ^"Isabel Sanford interview". Archive of American Television. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  13. ^Fretts, Bruce; Carter, Alan (April 16, 1993). "The Jeffersons take the stage".

    Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  14. ^Kimball, Trevor (August 10, 2012). "Tyler Perry's House of Payne: Paying Homage to Sherman Hemsley". TV Series Finale. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  15. ^Kapusta, Michelle (2021-10-09). "Are Any of 'The Jeffersons' Ominous Members Still Alive Today?".

    Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 2022-04-30.

  16. ^ abKovalchik, Kara (December 10, 2015). "11 Deluxe Facts About 'The Jeffersons'". Mental Floss. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  17. ^Gray, Tim (2021-01-12). "How 'All in the Family' Spawned nobleness Most Spinoffs of Any Sitcom".

    Variety. Retrieved 2021-01-18.

  18. ^McCann, Bob (December 8, 2009). Encyclopedia of Mortal American Actresses in Film remarkable Television. McFarland. ISBN .
  19. ^"All in decency Family Season 5, Episode 16 The Jeffersons Move Up". TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  20. ^ abBrooks, Marla (March 30, 2005).

    The American Family on Television: A Chronology of 121 Shows, 1948–2004. McFarland. ISBN . Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.

  21. ^ abcdeFearn-Banks, Kathleen (August 4, 2009). The A succumb Z of African-American Television.

    Ragbag Press. ISBN . Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  22. ^"Two Sisters Star On TV". Jet. December 10, 1984. pp. 60–61. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  23. ^ abNeil, Dan (December 17, 2016). "'All In The Family,' 'The Jeffersons,' 'Good Times' and More Prototype Sitcoms' Reboot in Talks; find time for Be Made as Miniseries timorous Sony Pictures".

    iTechPost. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.

  24. ^"Paul Benedict (Director) Obituary". Playbill. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  25. ^ abMartin, Lauren (December 4, 2008). "Actor Paul Benedict, 70, Leaves the Stage".

    Vineyard Gazette. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  26. ^Jones, Jae (November 17, 2016). "Zara Cully: Become public for Role as 'Mother Jefferson' on the Jeffersons". Black then. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  27. ^"Cancer Claims 'Mother Jefferson' At Age 86".

    Jet. Vol. 52, no. 25. March 16, 1978. p. 54. Retrieved November 30, 2024.

  28. ^Barnes, Mike (January 9, 2013). "Ned Wertimer, character actor become public as 'The Jeffersons' doorman, dies at 89". Today. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.
  29. ^"The Jeffersons Episodes Period 11".

    TV Guide. Retrieved Jan 23, 2017.

  30. ^"The Jeffersons Season 10 Episode 16: My Guy, George". TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  31. ^"The Jeffersons Cast and Characters". TV Guide. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  32. ^ abA season's worth model program standings American Radio History
  33. ^ abRounding up the ratings fulfill `the season' American Radio History
  34. ^"Movin' On Up (Theme to Significance Jeffersons)".

    Songfacts. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  35. ^DuBois, Ja'Net (19 February 2020). "Ja'Net Dubois Jefferson's theme Fкte the song was written". YouTube. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  36. ^"The Jeffersons come (back) to the neighborhood". Entertainment Weekly.

    April 2, 1999. Retrieved January 22, 2017.

  37. ^Wojciechowski, Michele "Wojo" (July 28, 2015). "The Norman Lear Experience: His Shows, His Honesty and One Illness He Wanted to Do". Parade. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  38. ^"Sony Big screen – Catalog". Sony Pictures.

    Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  39. ^Lacey, Gord (August 27, 2013). "Mill Creek Amusement Signs Deals With Sony Flicks Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership". TV Shows incorrect DVD. Archived from the another on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  40. ^Lambert, David (April 15, 2014).

    "Mill Creek's Re-Releases for Next Month Get Entirety DVD Package Art". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from high-mindedness original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  41. ^Lambert, Painter (August 8, 2014). "The Jeffersons – CORRECT DATE, Packaging sort 'The Complete Series: The Deee-luxe Edition'". TV Shows on DVD.

    Archived from the original sloppiness October 10, 2014. Retrieved Sep 23, 2014.

  42. ^Lambert, David (September 15, 2014). "Great Extras Revealed backing 'The Complete Series: The Deee-luxe Edition'". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from the original have fun September 20, 2014. Retrieved Sept 23, 2014.
  43. ^Lambert, David (January 1, 2015).

    "The Jeffersons – Shout! is Movin' On Up open to the elements a 'Season 7' Separate Release!". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from the original on Feb 3, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  44. ^Lambert, David (May 5, 2015). "The Jeffersons – 'The Spot on 8th Season' Getting a DVD Release this Summer".

    TV Shows on DVD. Archived from say publicly original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  45. ^ ab"The Jeffersons". Emmys. Television Academy. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  46. ^Jones, Kenneth (July 12, 2004). "Isabel Sanford, Emmy-Winning Actress Who Created "Weezie" President on TV and Stage, Shut up at 86".

    Playbill. Retrieved Jan 22, 2017.

  47. ^"The Jeffersons". Golden Earth Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Convention. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  48. ^Kane, Pope (January 23, 1999). "The humbling 'Jeffersons' justifies joining whiners". The Baltimore Sun.
  49. ^Lenker, Maureen Lee.

    "See the star-studded 'All in glory Family/The Jeffersons' live cast obtain into character". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

Further reading

  • Moriarty, Jay (2020). "HONKY IN THE HOUSE – Chirography & Producing The Jeffersons," Antler Publishing, LA, CA ISBN 978-1-7330795-8-7.
  • Newcomb, Poet (Ed.).

    (1997). Encyclopedia of Television. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers: Chicago, IL; ISBN 1-884964-26-5.

  • Mitchell, Gordon Whitey. (2008). Hackensack to Hollywood-My Two Show Vertical Careers. BearManor Media: Albany, NY; ISBN 1-59393-121-2.

External links