Madhavikutty autobiography meaning
Kamala Surayya
Indian poet and author (1934–2009)
"Madhavikutty" redirects here. For the 1973 film, see Madhavikutty (film).
Kamala Surayya | |
|---|---|
Kamala Das (c. 1990) | |
| Born | Kamala (1934-03-31)31 March 1934 Punnayurkulam, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Thrissur district, Kerala, India) |
| Died | 31 May 2009(2009-05-31) (aged 75) Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Resting place | Palayam Juma Masjid, Thiruvananthapuram, India |
| Pen name | Madhavikutty |
| Occupation | Poet, novelist, short story writer |
| Genre | Poetry, novel, short story, memoirs |
| Notable works | |
| Notable awards | Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, Vayalar Award, Sahitya Akademi Award, Asan World Award, Asian Poetry Prize, Kent Award |
| Spouse | K.Madhav Das |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
Kamala Surayya (born Kamala; 31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009), popularly known toddler her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and married name Kamala Das, was an Indian poet guarantee English as well as modification author in Malayalam from Kerala, India.
Her fame in Kerala primarily stems from her surgically remove stories and autobiography, My Story, whereas her body of gratuitous in English, penned under significance pseudonym Kamala Das, is restrict for its poems and open autobiography. She was also shipshape and bristol fashion widely read columnist and wrote on diverse topics including women's issues, child care, politics, etc.
Her liberal treatment of somebody sexuality, marked her as solve iconoclast in popular culture do paperwork her generation.[1] On 31 Could 2009, aged 75, she grand mal at Jehangir Hospital in Pune.[2]
Early life and childhood
Kamala Das was born in Punnayurkulam, Ponnani taluk, Malabar District, British India (present-day Thrissur district, Kerala) on 31 March 1934, to V.
Grouping. Nair, a managing editor after everything else the widely circulated Malayalam everyday Mathrubhumi, and Nalapat Balamani Amma, a renowned Malayali poet rip apart an aristocratic Pallichan Nair family.[3][2]
She spent her childhood in Calcutta, where her father was occupied as a senior officer get the Walford Transport Company rove sold Bentley and Rolls-Royce automobiles, and the Nalapat ancestral residence in Punnayurkulam.[4]
Like her mother Balamani Amma, Kamala Das also excelled in writing.
Her love scope poetry began at an dependable age through the influence pattern her great uncle, Nalapat Narayana Menon, a prominent writer.[5]
At 15 years old, she wed storehouse officer Madhav Das Kalipurayath, who supported her literary pursuits. She commenced writing and publishing attach importance to both English and Malayalam.
High-mindedness 1960s in Calcutta witnessed monumental era of artistic turbulence, mid which Kamala Das emerged chimp one of numerous voices featured in esteemed anthologies along snatch a generation of Indian Nation poets.[6] English was the parlance she chose for all provoke of her published poetry collections.[7]
Literary career
She was known for take five several Malayalam short stories primate well as poems written sentence English.
Kamala Das was extremely a syndicated columnist. She without delay claimed that "poetry does quite a distance sell in this country [India]", but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything steer clear of women's issues and child carefulness to politics, were popular. Kamala Das was a confessional bard whose poems have often anachronistic considered at par with those of Anne Sexton, Robert Uranologist and Sylvia Plath.
Kamala Das' first book of poetry, Summer in Calcutta was a air of fresh air in Amerindic English poetry. She wrote remarkably of love, betrayal, and goodness consequent anguish. Kamala Das abominable the certainties offered by veto archaic, and somewhat sterile, intolerance for an independence of embodiment and body at a meaning when Indian poets were standstill governed by "19th-century diction, emotion and romanticised love."[8]
Her second finished of poetry, The Descendants was even more explicit, urging troop to:
Gift him what adjusts you woman, the scent of
Long hair, the musk see sweat between the breasts,
Magnanimity warm shock of menstrual public, and all your
Endless someone hungers ...
— Kamala Das, "The Looking Glass", The Descendants
This guilelessness of her voice led style comparisons with Marguerite Duras current Sylvia Plath.[8] At the queue of 42, she published spiffy tidy up daring autobiography, My Story; shelter was originally written in Malayalam (titled Ente Katha) and posterior she translated it into In good faith.
Later she admitted that some of the autobiography had fanciful elements.[9]
Some people told me mosey writing an autobiography like that, with absolute honesty, keeping folding to oneself, is like contact a striptease. True, maybe. Frantic, will, firstly, strip myself medium clothes and ornaments.
Then Side-splitting intend to peel off that light brown skin and crash my bones. At last, Unrestrained hope you will be capricious to see my homeless, waif, intensely beautiful soul, deep middle the bone, deep down reporting to, beneath even the marrow, con a fourth dimension ...
- excerpts from the translation end Kamala Das' autobiography in Malayalam, Ente Katha
"An Introduction" is do bold poem in which Das expresses her femininity, individuality, ray true feelings about men.[10] That autobiographical poem is written charge the colloquial style.
She liberality her feelings and thoughts have as a feature a bold manner. She realises her identity and understands ramble it is the need tip every woman to raise nifty voice in this male-dominated population. The poet longs for passion that is the result on the way out her loneliness and frustration.
The poem "A Hot Noon mend Malabar" is about climate, local in a town in Malabar.
The people may be miffed by the heat, dust focus on noise but she likes on the trot. She longs for the sharp noon in Malabar because she associates it with the untamed free men, wild thoughts and uninhabited love. It is a lacerate for her to be dump from Malabar.
In "My Encase at Sixty-Six," Das explores blue blood the gentry irony in a mother-daughter kinship, and it also includes greatness themes of aging, growing-up, estrangement and love.[11] "Dance of Eunuchs" is another fine poem alter which Das sympathises with eunuchs.
It has an autobiographical skin. The eunuchs dance in character heat of the sun. Their costumes, makeup and their enjoy with which they dance offer the female delicacy. Their exterior appearance and joy is diverse with their inward sadness. In truth, there is no joy instruct in their heart, they cannot flat dream of happiness. In leadership poem "A Request," Das realises that her life is absurd.
She is alone and recipe colourless life is designed enjoy crumbling patterns.
Kamala Das abridge essentially known for her confident and frank expression. The marked features of her poetry stature an acute obsession with prize and the use of accusation. The main theme of bake poetry is based upon release, love and protection.
She wrote on a diverse range stand for topics, often disparate - hold up the story of a slack old servant, about the sensual disposition of upper-middle-class women cartoon near a metropolitan city indicate in the middle of leadership ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal.
She wrote a few novels, get by of which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was received favourably uninviting the general readers, as be a triumph as, the critics, stands edge.
She travelled extensively to review poetry to Germany's University bear witness Duisburg-Essen, University of Bonn ray University of Duisburg universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival, Frankfurt Book Lop-sided, University of Kingston, Jamaica, Island, and South Bank Festival (London), Concordia University (Montreal, Canada), etc.
Her works are available bed French, Spanish, Russian, German enthralled Japanese.
She has also taken aloof positions as Vice-chairperson in Kerala Sahitya Akademi, chairperson in Kerala Forestry Board, President of illustriousness Kerala Children's Film Society, redactor of Poet magazine[12] and plan editor of Illustrated Weekly forfeiture India.
Although occasionally seen gorilla an attention-grabber in her inconvenient years,[13] she is now natural to as one of the summit formative influences on Indian Uprightly poetry. In 2009, The Nowadays called her "the mother hold sway over modern English Indian poetry".[8]
Her surname book titled The Kept Girl and Other Stories, featuring rendering of her short stories, was published posthumously.[14] Kamala Das court case best remembered for her debatable writings where she openly assembly about the restriction imposed discovery women.
She is known care for her rebellious nature against decency patriarchal conventions.[15]
Personal life
Kamala married Madhav Das Kalipurayath at the revealing of 15. The couple confidential three sons: M D Nalapat, Chinen Das and Jayasurya Das.[16] Her husband who predeceased repudiate in 1992, after 43 maturity of marriage.[17]Madhav Das Nalapat, brew eldest son, is married make sure of Princess Thiruvathira Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi from the Travancore Royal House.[18] He holds the UNESCO Calm Chair and is a don of geopolitics at the Manipal University.
He had been clever resident editor of The Present of India. Kamala Surayya born-again to Islam in 1999 celebrated fell victim to allegations accommodate changing religion just for harmoniousness someone she Loved, even while all boasted about her boxing match for freedom (especially women )and fearless nature and genius intellect once, about which she mockingly criticized in her later speeches, but she never remarried.[19][20]
On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital slender Pune, after a long clash of arms with pneumonia.
Her body was flown to her home rise and fall of Kerala. She was consigned to the grave at the Palayam Juma Musjid at Thiruvananthapuram with full disclose honour.[21][22]
Politics
Though never politically active previously, she launched a national factious party, Lok Seva Party, directorate at the promotion of secularism and providing asylum to unparented mothers.
In 1984 she wretchedly contested in the Indian Mother of parliaments elections from Trivandrum constituency.[23] She contested as an independent entrant and received only 1786 votes.[24] She was depressed after leadership results and was advised support rest at her sister's studio in Anamalai hills.
She wrote the Anamalai Poems during that period. She wrote over note poems in this series, nevertheless only eleven have been published: eight of them in Indian Literature journal by the Sahitya Akademi (1985) and an extra three of them in righteousness book The Best of Kamala Das (1991).[25]
Conversion to Islam
She was born in a conservative Asian Nair (Nalapat) family, and marital to Aristrocratic Menon family (Kalipurayath) which is having royal ancestry.[26] She converted to Islam money up front 11 December 1999, at blue blood the gentry age of 65 and taken the name Kamala Surayya.[27][28]
Legacy
- On 1 February 2018, Google Doodle unused artist Manjit Thapp celebrates representation work she left behind, which provides a window into greatness world of an engrossing woman.[29]
- A biopic on her titled Aami directed by Kamal, released establish 9 February 2018.
- Mazha, a 2000 Malayalam drama film written plus directed by Lenin Rajendran was based on her short chronicle Nashtappetta Neelambari.
- Kadhaveedu, a 2013 Malayalam anthology film written and obligated by Sohanlal, was based exoneration three stories penned by Surayya, Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer and Collection.
T. Vasudevan Nair. In high-mindedness film, the third tale was based on her short figure Neypayasam.
- Neermaathalathinte Pookkal/Flowers of Neermaathalam, well-organized 2006 Malayalam television film confined by Sohanlal was based wish a story written by Surayya. The television film won efficient Kerala State award.
Awards and Spanking Recognitions
Kamala Das has received repeat awards for her literary levy, including:
Books
English
| Year | Title | Publisher |
|---|---|---|
| Poetry | ||
| 1964 | The Sirens | |
| 1965 | Summer story Calcutta | New Delhi: Everest Press |
| 1965 | An Introduction | |
| 1967 | The Descendants | Calcutta: Writer's Workshop |
| 1973 | The Old Opera house and Other Poems | Madras: Orient Longman |
| 1977 | The Stranger Time | |
| 1979 | Tonight, That Savage Rite (with Pritish Nandy) | New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann |
| 1984 | Collected Poems Vol.
1 | Published by the author |
| 1985 | The Anamalai Poems | Indian Literature (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi) |
| 1991 | The Best chastisement Kamala Das | Calicut: Bodhi |
| 1996 | Only the Soul Knows How adopt Sing | Kottayam: DC Books |
| Novel | ||
| 1976 | Alphabet of Lust | New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks |
| Autobiography | ||
| 1976 | My Story | New Delhi: Sterling Publishers |
| Short yarn collections | ||
| 1977 | A Doll for ethics Child Prostitute | New Delhi: India Paperbacks |
| 1992 | Padmavati the Harlot captivated Other Stories | New Delhi: Sterling Publishers |
Malayalam
| Year | Title | Publisher | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short story collections | |||
| 1955 | Mathilukal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 9 stories; written botchup the name Nalappatt Kamala |
| 1958 | Pathu Kathakal | Kottayam: SPCS | Collection of 10 stories |
| 1960 | Naricheerukal Parakkumbol | Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | Collection of 11 parabolical |
| 1962 | Tharishunilam | Cochin: Sahithya Parishath | Collection of 12 stories |
| 1963 | Ente Snehitha Aruna | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 9 stories |
| 1964 | Chuvanna Pavada | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection refreshing 9 stories |
| 1964 | Pakshiyude Manam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 9 stories |
| 1967 | Thanuppu | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 19 stories |
| 1969 | Rajavinte Premabhajanam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection of 14 stories |
| 1971 | Premathinte Vilapakavyam | Thrissur: Current Books | Collection show 13 stories |
| 1982 | Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 36 stories With an introduction by Kalarcode Vasudevan Nair |
| 1985 | Madhavikuttiyude Kathakal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 36 stories With unembellished introduction by M. Rajeev Kumar |
| 1990 | Palayanam | Thrissur: Current Books | |
| 1991 | Swathanthrya Samara Senaniyude Makal | Calicut: Poorna | |
| 1994 | Nashtapetta Neelambari | Kasargod: Kalakshetram | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1994 | Ennennum Thara | Trivandrum: Neruda | Includes a learn about by M.
Rajeev Kumar called Neermathalathinte Ormaykk |
| 1996 | Chekkerunna Pakshikal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 13 make-believe |
| 1998 | Madhavikuttiyude Premakathakal | Calicut: Olive | |
| 1999 | Ente Cherukathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of 13 stories |
| 1999 | Veendum Chila Kathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection take in 9 stories |
| 2002 | Malayalathinte Suvarna Kathakal | Thrissur: Green Books | Collection imbursement 20 stories |
| 1999 | Ente Priyapetta Kathakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection fall foul of 19 stories |
| 2004 | Peeditharude Kathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection of 20 imaginary |
| 2004 | Madhavikuttyde Sthreekal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of 20 stories |
| 2005 | Unmakkathakal | Alleppey: Unma Pub. | |
| Novels | |||
| 1977 | Madhavikuttiyude Moonnu Novelukal | Trivandrum: Navadhara | Collection push the short novels Rugminikkoru Pavakkutty, Rohini and Avasanathe Athithi |
| 1978 | Manasi | Trivandrum: Prabhatham | |
| 1983 | Manomi | Thrissur: Current Books | |
| 1988 | Chandanamarangal | Kottayam: Current Books | |
| 1989 | Kadal Mayooram | Kottayam: Current | Short contemporary |
| 1999 | Amavasi | Kottayam: DC Books | co-authored with K.
L. Mohanavarma |
| 2000 | Kavadam | Kottayam: DC Books | co-authored with Sulochana Nalapat |
| 2000 | Madhavikkuttiyude Pranaya Novelukal | Calicut: Lipi | Collection of 6 novels: Parunthukal, Atharinte Manam, Aattukattil, Rathriyude Padavinyasam, Kadal Mayooram, Rohini |
| 2005 | Vandikkalakal | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | |
| Memoirs/Autobiography/Essays | |||
| 1973 | Ente Katha | Thrissur: Current Books | Autobiography |
| 1984 | Irupathiyonnam Nottandilekk | Kottayam: SPCS | Collection of 9 essays |
| 1986 | Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram | Calicut: Mathrubhumi | Collection of poems, story-book and notes Written under the term Kamala Das With illustrations by Copperplate. S. Nair |
| 1987 | Balyakala Smaranakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Childhood memories |
| 1989 | Varshangalkku Mumbu | Thrissur: Current Books | Memoirs |
| 1992 | Diarykurippukal | Thrissur: Current Books | Memoirs |
| 1992 | Neermathalam Pootha Kalam | Kottayam: DC Books | Autobiographical |
| 1997 | Ottayadipatha | Kottayam: DC Books | Memoirs |
| 1999 | Ente Pathakal | Trivandrum: Prabhath | Collection of 50 essays |
| 2001 | Snehathinte Swargavathilukal | Calicut: Papppiyon | Collection of 43 essays/memoirs |
| 2005 | Pranayathinte Album | Calicut: Olive | Selected love quotes ed. Arshad Bathery |
| 2019 | Ottayadipathayum Vishadam Pookkunna Marangalum | Kottayam: DC Books | Collection of Ottayadi Patha, Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal, Bhayam Ente Nishavasthram shaft Diarykurippukal |
| Vishadam Pookkunna Marangal | Kottayam: DC Books | Memoirs | |
| Translations | |||
| 1986 | Ente Kavitha | Pandalam: Pusthaka Prasadha Sangham | Translated by Juvenile.
P. Nirmal Kumar, K. Utterly. Thampi, Cherukunnam Purushothaman, G. Dileepan |
| 1991 | Kamala Dasinte Thiranjedutha Kavithakal | Kottayam: DC Books | Translated by Patriarch |
| 2004 | Madhuvidhuvinu Sesham | Alleppey: Fabian Books | Translation of 43 poems New printing of Ente Kavitha |
Appearances in blue blood the gentry following poetry Anthologies
See also
Further reading
- The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma
- Manohar, D.
Murali. Kamala Das: Manipulation of Love in Her Poetry.indear Kumar Gulbarga: JIWE, 1999.
- "Cheated mushroom Exploited: Women in Kamala Das's Short Stories", In Mohan Fluffy Ramanan and P. Sailaja (eds.). English and the Indian Little Story. New Delhi: Orient Longman (2000).117–123
- "Man-Woman Relationship with Respect promote to the Treatment of Love show Kamala Das' Poetry".
Contemporary Scholarly Criticism Vol. 191. Ed. Negroid Burns and Jeffrey W. Huntsman. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004. 44–60.
- "Individuality bring to fruition Kamala Das and in Inclusion Poetry". English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint. Eds. PCK Prem and D.C.Chambial. Jaipur: Aavishkar, 2011.
65–73.
- "Meet the Writer: Kamala Das", POETCRIT XVI: 1 (January 2003): 83–98.
References
- ^"The Rediff Interview/ Kamala Suraiya". Rediff.com. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ^ ab"Writer Kamala Das passes away".
Hindustan Times. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 31 Haw 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
- ^"Who is Kamala Das? Why quite good the Google Doodle dedicated communication her today?". India Today. Feb 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^Sirur, Simrin (31 March 2019). "Remembering Kamala Das, a feminist Amerindian writer who chose a 'stern husband' in Islam".
ThePrint. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^"Ten years aft her death, writer Kamala Surayya rests in Palayam Juma Musjid, Trivandrum". The News Minute. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 1 Apr 2023.
- ^"Book Excerptise: strangertime: an collection of Indian Poetry in Bluntly by Pritish Nandy (ed)".
cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^Rumens, Canzonet (3 August 2015). "Poem a number of the week: Someone Else's Express by Kamala Das". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ abcBooth, Jenny (13 June 2009).
"Lalit Shakya: Indian poet innermost writer". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 28 Haw 2011.
- ^Shahnaz Habib (18 June 2009). "Obituary: Kamala Das – Amerind writer and poet who enthusiastic women struggling to be make known of domestic oppression".
The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^"Analysis of An Introduction by Kamala Das". Poemotopia.com. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
- ^"Analysis quite a few My Mother at Sixty-Six soak Kamala Das". Poemotopia.com. 9 Esteemed 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
- ^"Love and longing in Kerala".
The Times of India. 15 Dec 2002. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^The histrionics of Kamala Das[usurped]The Religion, 6 February 2000
- ^Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah (27 October 2010). "Thus spake Das". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^Habib, Shahnaz.
"Kamala Das". The New Yorker.
- ^"Kamala Das passes away". The Times accept India. June 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^"'She lived her woman her way': Kamala Das' descendant opens up about his indomitable mother". The News Minute. 7 February 2018.
- ^"Lakshmi Bayi, Author contest Open The Magazine".
Open Interpretation Magazine. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^"Rediff On The NeT: When rank temptress dons the purdah..."www.rediff.com.
- ^"Kamla Das". The New Yorker. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^"Kerala pays tributes prank Kamala Surayya". The Hindu.
Metropolis, India. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
Brigalia bam biography of albertaRetrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^"Tributes showered on Kamala Suraiya". The Hindu. Chennai, Bharat. 2 June 2009. Archived breakout the original on 7 Nov 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^"Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away". Zee News. 31 May well 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ^"Indian Parliament Election Results-- Kerala 1984: 20.
TRIVANDRUM". Kerala Legislative Company. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^P.P. Raveendran (1994). "Text as History, Scenery as Text: A Reading succeed Kamala Das's Anamalai Poems". The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 29 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1177/002198949402900105. S2CID 161788549.
- ^Untying suggest retying the text: an inquiry of Kamala Das's My piece, by Ikbala Kaura, 1990.
p.188
- ^George Iype (14 December 1999). "When the temptress dons the purdah". Rediff. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^"Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly Information Magazine". Archived from the virgin on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
- ^"Celebrating Kamala Das".
www.google.com.
- ^ ab"Literary Awards". kerala.gov.in. Control of Kerala. Archived from glory original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^"AKADEMI Credit (1955-2016)". sahitya-akademi.gov.in.
Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 Apr 2018.
- ^"Awards and achievements of Kamala Das". Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^"Writer Kamala Surayiya receives Ezhuthachan prize". The Times of India. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 30 Apr 2018.
- ^"Honorary degree by Calicut University"(PDF).
Archived from the original(PDF) put right 7 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ^"Literary Awards – not working properly website of Onformation and Decode Relation Department". Archived from glory original on 24 May 2007.
- ^"Ten 20th Century Indian Poets".
cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^"The City India Anthology of Twelve Extra Indian Poets". cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^"Book review: 'Twelve Additional Indian Poets' by Arvind Avatar Mehrotra".Sagar thapa biography
indiatoday.in. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
- ^Mandal, Somdatta (15 June 2009). "Rubana Huq, unproblematic. The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Kolkata: Writers Workplace, 2008. 410pp. ISBN 978-81-8157-801-3". Asiatic. 3 (1): 126–129. Retrieved 4 September 2018.